Term
| the objective in forage establishment |
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Definition
| A thick, vigorous stand of forage to maximize yield and utilization |
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Term
| forage establishment is dependent upon... |
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Definition
-Proper seeding practices
-Favorable seedbed
-Favorable environmental conditions
-Seedling management |
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Term
| when to start the Pre-establishment planning for forages |
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Definition
| Start 1-2 years in advance |
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Term
| some questions to answer during the pre-establishment planning phase of establishing a forage |
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Definition
1: Is the current crop compatible with that which will be planted - herbicide residues?
2: What are the pH and nutritional needs of the crop? Which Rhizobium do I need to inoculate?
3: What species and variety should I plant?
4: What is the best method for establishment? Conventional till vs. No-till
5: When is the best time of the year to plant the forage species?
6: What is the best seeding rate, depth, and row spacing?
7: How will I control weeds during or after planting? |
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Term
| some things to consider regarding the compatibility of the current crop with that which will be planted |
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Definition
-herbicide residues
-allelopathy
-current crop a control problem later? |
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Term
| how long herbicide residues can last |
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Definition
| Herbicide residues can last 24 months or longer, especially following drought! |
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Term
| potentially desired rotation of monocots and dicots |
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Definition
-Usually plant monocots following dicots and dicots following monocots
+Basically, don’t plant the same thing over and over again |
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Term
| Herbicide residues can do this to plants. |
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Definition
| injure plants and cause reduced seedling vigor |
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Term
| something that often happens to plants that are affected by herbicide residues |
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Definition
| Plants are slow to grow and often weeds take over fields. |
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Term
| if something is bad for one monocot, is it bad for the others? |
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Definition
| Generally, what is bad for one monocot is bad for others |
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Term
| what lime does to the soil pH |
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Definition
| Lime raises the pH, but doesn’t reduce Al |
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Term
| what lime does to the soil Al |
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Definition
| Lime raises the pH, but doesn’t reduce Al |
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Term
| Objectives of seeding a crop |
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Definition
-Suppress competing plants (cultivation/spray)
-Place seed at appropriate depth
-Provide good seed/soil contact |
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Term
| why tilling is bad for soil |
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Definition
| Tilling runs the risk of erosion and exposes organic matter such that it favors the breakdown of it. |
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Term
| what disking/plowing does to the soil |
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Definition
| Disking/plowing inverts soil and buries existing plants but leaves ground rough |
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Term
| what harrowing does to the soil |
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Definition
| Harrowing the soil smoothes the surface, but often it is too fluffy for small seeds of forages |
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Term
| what cultipacker/seeder does to the soil |
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Definition
| Cultipacker/seeder firms the seed bed and places the seed close to the soil surface. |
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Term
| advantage of using a cultipacker/seeder |
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Definition
| uniform placement of seed over prepared soil surface |
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Term
| seed size with which to use grain drills |
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Definition
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Term
| when using grain drills, you need ______ to keep seed from deep placement. |
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Definition
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Term
| why you need depth gauges when using grain drills |
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Definition
| to keep seed from deep placement |
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Term
| desired seeding rate when using grain driils |
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Definition
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Term
| when using grain drills, use higher seeding rates to accommodate... |
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Definition
| seeds that don't germinate, which is a result of deep placement |
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Term
| something that's essential for a grain drill |
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Definition
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Term
| when using grain drills, the higher seeding rate helps compensate for... |
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Definition
| seeds that don’t germinate |
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Term
| some details about no-till seeding |
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Definition
-Surface must be smooth to start
-Suppress weeds/sod with herbicide
-Plant directly into dead residue
-Conserves moisture (better success rate)
-Reduces erosion and crusting
-Maintains soil structure
-Reduces fuel and labor costs |
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Term
| when disking in sandy soil, there's always the risk of... |
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Definition
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Term
| The establishment in establishment % refers to ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Number of plants per square foot affects ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| what plants do when there's too many plants per acre |
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Definition
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Term
| some things to consider when controlling weeds during or after planting |
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Definition
-Chemical options are limited
-Mow/graze to prevent competition |
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Term
| some things to do when Incorporating Legumes Into Grasses |
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Definition
-Establish the grass first
-Graze or mow pasture in late summer (Aug./Sept.)
-Chemically suppress the grass |
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Term
| why you want to establish the grass before the legumes |
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Definition
-Less erosion
-Better weed control options
-allows you to control the weeds and maintain the soil and such |
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Term
| why you want to Graze or mow pasture in late summer (Aug./Sept.) |
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Definition
| Reduces thatch, provides even canopy |
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Term
| why you want to Chemically suppress the grass |
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Definition
-Maintains open areas for germination and establishment of the legume seed
-Reduces habitat for disease infestation
-give the legumes a chance to establish |
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Term
| some possible causes of poor germination |
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Definition
-Dry Seedbed
-Non-viable Seed
-Hard or Dormant Seed
-Unfav. Temperature
-Herbicide Residue |
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Term
| some possible causes of germination but no emergence |
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Definition
-Planted too deep
-Soil crusting
-Poor seedling vigor (old seed)
-Insects or disease
-Extreme temperatures |
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Term
| some possible causes of emergence but no seed survival |
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Definition
-Soil too acid or low fertility
-Insects or diseases
-Drought
-Weed competition
-No legume nodulation
-Winter kill
-Heaving from frost
-High winds – sandblast
-Graze too early |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what VNS (variety not stated) means |
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Definition
| this means you have to do the germination test and other tests on it on your own; you’re taking all the risks along with it |
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Term
| You don’t wanna plant legume seeds w/o... |
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Definition
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Term
| the seed will remain dormant for a while after... |
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Definition
| reaching physiological maturity |
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Term
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Definition
| when the plants are suffering |
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Term
| some things to do when Using Vegetative Cuttings for Establishment |
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Definition
1: Obtain high quality certified planting materials; make sure it's weed-free
2: Plant immediately after digging sprigs
3: Plant for best sprig survival
4: Establish your own nursery for large acreage plantings
5: Select best planting technique (sprigger/broadcast, sprigs/cuttings) |
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Term
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Definition
| Plant immediately after digging sprigs |
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Term
| planting techniques to use when planting sprigs |
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Definition
| best planting techniques (sprigger/broadcast, sprigs/cuttings) |
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Term
| a difference between sprigs and cuttings |
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Definition
| Sprigs have roots and cuttings don’t |
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Term
| what you're relying on in cuttings and what you want it to do |
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Definition
| With cuttings, you’re relying on the meristematic tissue to differentiate into roots, tillers, and such |
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Term
| the best methods for establishing hybrid bermudagrass |
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Definition
1) Dormant sprigs (rhizomes)
2) Sprigs
3) Tops/green stems |
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Term
| when you gotta get the tops/green stems |
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Definition
| when the plants are actively growing |
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Term
| the type of herbicide 2, 4-D is |
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Definition
| 2, 4-D is a broad leaf herbicide |
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Term
| what you must do to the land after sprigging Bermudagrass |
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Definition
| Cultipack to level land after planting |
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Term
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Definition
| a chemical that controls crabgrass and such |
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Term
| Common mistakes when establishing bermudagrass |
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Definition
1: Planting when soil moisture is inadequate
2: Poor quality sprigs (dried out or heated)
3: Short-cutting on sprig numbers
4: Covering sprigs too deep
5: Poor soil firming around sprigs; gotta maintain soil firmness
6: Poor weed control |
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