Term
| some functions of N in plants |
|
Definition
-Protein synthesis
-Nucleic acid synthesis
-Chlorophyll component |
|
|
Term
| some symptoms of N deficiency in plants |
|
Definition
-Yellow leaves
-Leaves die at bottom of plant work way up |
|
|
Term
| how you can recognize N deficiency symptoms |
|
Definition
| by visual signs or lab analysis |
|
|
Term
| plant focuses on [what age] growth to stay alive |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| plant focuses on young growth to ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some functions of P in plants |
|
Definition
-Photosynthesis
-Sugar/starch synthesis
-Found in proteins, nucleic acids, ATP, NADP(H) lipids, enzymes.
-VERY important for shoot/root growth
-In-plant nutrient transport
-Seed formation/development |
|
|
Term
| some symptoms of P deficiency in plants |
|
Definition
-Purple or yellow leaves
-Affects oldest leaves first because plant translocates P where it’s needed |
|
|
Term
| the function of NADP(H) in plants |
|
Definition
| NADP(H) needed for p’synth; it’s a reducing agent |
|
|
Term
| some functions of K in plants |
|
Definition
-NOT a structural component
-Stomatal opening
-Co-enzyme activates enzymes that produce:
+ATP
+Starch synthase
+amino acids/proteins
-Important for water and nutrient transport |
|
|
Term
| some symptoms of K deficiency in plants |
|
Definition
-Leaves yellow/die at tips
-Affects oldest leaves first |
|
|
Term
| where yellowing of leaves usually shows first in response to K deficiency |
|
Definition
| yellow usually shows up at margins first |
|
|
Term
| what grazing forages does to the nutrients |
|
Definition
| grazing forages recycles the nutrients back into the field |
|
|
Term
| the amount of nutrients removed is affected by ______ and is also dependent on ______. |
|
Definition
the production level
yield |
|
|
Term
| this nutrient Improves both Nitrogen and Water Use Efficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something on alfalfa leaves caused by K deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what potato leaf hoppers cause on leaves |
|
Definition
| V shaped yellowing on leaf tips |
|
|
Term
| this causes V shaped yellowing on leaf tips |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the question we worry about in grazing is... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| safe range of Groundwater NO3- levels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT ARE THE SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES THAT MAKE NITRATE LEACHING OF SUCH CONCERN? |
|
Definition
The soil particles have negative charges on their surfaces.
Nitrogen (nitrate) is negatively charged, highly soluble, and therefore extremely mobile in the soil. |
|
|
Term
| the most efficient N fertilizers |
|
Definition
| ammonium nitrate fertilizers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the largest expense in bermudagrassproduction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how to sample the soil in the pastures and hay fields |
|
Definition
Sample 1/3 of your pastures each year
and hayfields every year. |
|
|
Term
| what you do to the nutrients when you make hay |
|
Definition
| with hay, you remove nutrients out of the pasture |
|
|
Term
| why it's important to tell the soil tester what plants you're growing there |
|
Definition
| so that you can get the right recommendation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Costs Increase When Soil Fertility Decreases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Apply P in late summer or fall. |
|
|
Term
| some details about P fertilization |
|
Definition
-P can essentially be applied any time during the year on established forage crops.
-Purchase P fertilizer in “off-peak” times of the year (i.e., summer and fall)
+Demand for the product is low
+Demand for spreading services is low
+Less risk of P runoff |
|
|
Term
| why it's best to apply P during late summer or fall |
|
Definition
-Demand for the product is low
-Demand for spreading services is low
-Less risk of P runoff |
|
|
Term
| how to do your K applications |
|
Definition
-Split Your Potassium Applications!
-40-50% in spring
-50-60% in mid-late season |
|
|
Term
| a benefit of adding legumes |
|
Definition
| A valuable source of N (time-released). |
|
|
Term
| the biggest gain from legumes |
|
Definition
| increase in the quality of your forage |
|
|
Term
| some functions of N in plants |
|
Definition
-Protein synthesis
-Nucleic acid synthesis
-Chlorophyll component |
|
|
Term
| some symptoms of N deficiency in plants |
|
Definition
-Yellow leaves
-Leaves die at bottom of plant work way up |
|
|
Term
| how you can recognize N deficiency symptoms |
|
Definition
| by visual signs or lab analysis |
|
|
Term
| plant focuses on [what age] growth to stay alive |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| plant focuses on young growth to ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some functions of P in plants |
|
Definition
-Photosynthesis
-Sugar/starch synthesis
-Found in proteins, nucleic acids, ATP, NADP(H) lipids, enzymes.
-VERY important for shoot/root growth
-In-plant nutrient transport
-Seed formation/development |
|
|
Term
| some symptoms of P deficiency in plants |
|
Definition
-Purple or yellow leaves
-Affects oldest leaves first because plant translocates P where it’s needed |
|
|
Term
| the function of NADP(H) in plants |
|
Definition
| NADP(H) needed for p’synth; it’s a reducing agent |
|
|
Term
| some functions of K in plants |
|
Definition
-NOT a structural component
-Stomatal opening
-Co-enzyme activates enzymes that produce:
+ATP
+Starch synthase
+amino acids/proteins
-Important for water and nutrient transport |
|
|
Term
| some symptoms of K deficiency in plants |
|
Definition
-Leaves yellow/die at tips
-Affects oldest leaves first |
|
|
Term
| where yellowing of leaves usually shows first in response to K deficiency |
|
Definition
| yellow usually shows up at margins first |
|
|
Term
| what grazing forages does to the nutrients |
|
Definition
| grazing forages recycles the nutrients back into the field |
|
|
Term
| the amount of nutrients removed is affected by ______ and is also dependent on ______. |
|
Definition
the production level
yield |
|
|
Term
| this nutrient Improves both Nitrogen and Water Use Efficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something on alfalfa leaves caused by K deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what potato leaf hoppers cause on leaves |
|
Definition
| V shaped yellowing on leaf tips |
|
|
Term
| this causes V shaped yellowing on leaf tips |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the question we worry about in grazing is... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| safe range of Groundwater NO3- levels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT ARE THE SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES THAT MAKE NITRATE LEACHING OF SUCH CONCERN? |
|
Definition
The soil particles have negative charges on their surfaces.
Nitrogen (nitrate) is negatively charged, highly soluble, and therefore extremely mobile in the soil. |
|
|
Term
| the most efficient N fertilizers |
|
Definition
| ammonium nitrate fertilizers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the largest expense in bermudagrassproduction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how to sample the soil in the pastures and hay fields |
|
Definition
Sample 1/3 of your pastures each year
and hayfields every year. |
|
|
Term
| what you do to the nutrients when you make hay |
|
Definition
| with hay, you remove nutrients out of the pasture |
|
|
Term
| why it's important to tell the soil tester what plants you're growing there |
|
Definition
| so that you can get the right recommendation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Costs Increase When Soil Fertility Decreases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Apply P in late summer or fall. |
|
|
Term
| some details about P fertilization |
|
Definition
-P can essentially be applied any time during the year on established forage crops.
-Purchase P fertilizer in “off-peak” times of the year (i.e., summer and fall)
+Demand for the product is low
+Demand for spreading services is low
+Less risk of P runoff |
|
|
Term
| why it's best to apply P during late summer or fall |
|
Definition
-Demand for the product is low
-Demand for spreading services is low
-Less risk of P runoff |
|
|
Term
| how to do your K applications |
|
Definition
-Split Your Potassium Applications!
-40-50% in spring
-50-60% in mid-late season |
|
|
Term
| a benefit of adding legumes |
|
Definition
| A valuable source of N (time-released). |
|
|
Term
| the biggest gain from legumes |
|
Definition
| increase in the quality of your forage |
|
|
Term
| one way conservation tillage is better for soil than conventional tillage |
|
Definition
| conservation tillage leads to more organic matter in the soil |
|
|
Term
| one way pasture is better for the soil than tillage |
|
Definition
| pasture leads to more organic matter in the soil |
|
|
Term
| one way organic matter improves soil |
|
Definition
| increases nutrient holding capacity because OM has CEC 200, which is a lot more than soil particles |
|
|
Term
| in an agricultural context, if you want to improve an ecosystem,... |
|
Definition
| give it a rest and convert it to pasture |
|
|
Term
| ______ feeds on organic matter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| microbial biomass feeds on ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| OM increases the soil's ability to hold... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some macronutrients for plants |
|
Definition
Oxygen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium |
|
|
Term
| some mesonutrients for plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some micronutrients for plants |
|
Definition
Iron
Copper
Zinc
Manganese
Molybdenum
Boron
Chlorine |
|
|
Term
| a nutrient that's often the limiting nutrient in the SE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how often to sample the soil in hay and crop fields |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much of your paddocks to sample the soil in each year |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the biggest projected expense in a well-maintained pasture |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of how soil sampling should be done |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where you find most of the grazing in pastures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why high Mg can be a bad thing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why soil test results differ between Piedmont and Coastal Plain |
|
Definition
| because soil texture and structure affect nutrients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Costs Increase When Soil Fertility Decreases |
|
|
Term
| the number 1 priority in maintaining soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some important soil properties |
|
Definition
-Nutrient availability
-Soil structure
-Soil biological activity
-Aluminum toxicity |
|
|
Term
| some soil properties that can be affected by pH |
|
Definition
-Nutrient availability
-Soil biological activity
-Aluminum toxicity |
|
|
Term
| lime may cost a bit, but... |
|
Definition
| its effect offsets the cost |
|
|
Term
| why low soil pH is a bad thing |
|
Definition
| because when you have a low pH, you have an abundance of H ions such that it displaces other cations |
|
|
Term
| cations in soil in order of strength (strongest to weakest) |
|
Definition
| Al3+ > H+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ |
|
|
Term
| ______ and ______ help define the availability of nutrients in the soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how excess soil Al and low pH affect roots |
|
Definition
| causes root shrinkage and stunting |
|
|
Term
| fineness of lime you would wanna use for a soil with a very low pH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| effect of liming on roots |
|
Definition
| liming mitigates the effect of Al, allowing the roots to grow longer |
|
|
Term
| how gypsum helps the soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how gypsum ties up the Al |
|
Definition
| the sulfate binds to the Al and ties it up |
|
|
Term
| Address soil fertility needs based on... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some soil amendments that are especially important for legumes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an environmental factor that is very important for the response of a fertilizer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when nitrate concentration is highest in plants |
|
Definition
| during the period of slow growth |
|
|
Term
| why the nitrate concentration in the plant goes back down after the period of slow growth |
|
Definition
| because the plant starts to use it when growth speeds up |
|
|
Term
| the best way to apply fertilizer is to do it based on a soil test because... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the limit for nitrate toxicity to animals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why loss of N doesn’t come from ammonium |
|
Definition
| because ammonium is positively charged |
|
|
Term
| Benefits of Adding Legumes |
|
Definition
A valuable source of N (time-released).
decay of legume leaves helps improve the soil’s N content |
|
|
Term
| when to purchase P fertilizer |
|
Definition
| Purchase P fertilizer in “off-peak” times of the year (i.e., summer and fall) |
|
|
Term
| why purchase P fertilizer during summer or fall |
|
Definition
-Demand for the product is low
-Demand for spreading services is low
-Less risk of P runoff |
|
|
Term
| how to split your K applications |
|
Definition
40-50% in the Spring
50-60% in mid – late season |
|
|
Term
| why K is important for perennials |
|
Definition
| K is important for the persistence of perennials |
|
|
Term
| how to fertilize Bermudagrass |
|
Definition
| when fertilizing bermudagrass, apply 2x as much N as you do K |
|
|
Term
| why K is important for the persistence of perennials |
|
Definition
| because it enhances the formation of rhizomes and such |
|
|
Term
| A major nutrient input on pastures and hayfields in the South |
|
Definition
| manure from animal feeding operations - particularly poultry broiler litter which is about a 3-3-2 fertilizer. |
|
|
Term
| the major P form in grains |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to phytate in soil? |
|
Definition
| microbes break it down and release it |
|
|
Term
| how broiler litter affects weeds |
|
Definition
Weed pressure does increase
-Not a source of weed seed
-Changes the fertility and makes broadleaf weeds more competitive. |
|
|
Term
| broiler litter as a K fertilizer |
|
Definition
| Potassium fertilization may not be adequate |
|
|
Term
| effect of broiler litter as a fertilizer |
|
Definition
-provides organic matter
-increases soil pH to an extent due to Ca in litter
-high in hormones |
|
|
Term
| poultry litter as a limer |
|
Definition
| about 1/10th strength of limestone |
|
|
Term
| environmental impact of P from broiler litter |
|
Definition
| organic P causes water pollution by eutrophication by favoring the growth of algae |
|
|
Term
| how to troubleshoot forages |
|
Definition
-soil samples
-tissue samples |
|
|
Term
| how to do a representative sample of a forage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| low N content in the tissue means not enough... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| regarding nutrients in the system, this is an advantage of grazing forages as oppose to harvesting it |
|
Definition
| grazing the forage is better for keeping nutrients in the system than harvesting it |
|
|
Term
| manure distribution depends on... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why intensive grazing is better for nutrient cycling in pastures |
|
Definition
| parts of the pasture getting fertilized more frequently and manure being distributed more evenly |
|
|
