-if one land in a region came under the influence of Communists, then more would follow in a domino effect

-Originally used by Eisenhower in 1954 to describe the prospects of communist expansion in Asia if Indochina were to fall, all of south east asia could fall

--Written in 1950 by Paul Nitze, during Truman presidency

--argued Soviet Union had strategy aimed at the spread of Communism across the entire world, recommended that US adopt a policy of containment to stop the further spread of Communism

--'blue print' for Cold War

--Proposed by Reagan in 1983

--Sytem to use ground and space based systems to protect US from attack by strategic nuclear ballistic missiles

--Focused on strategic defense rather than strategic offense doctrine of MAD

--Monroe, 1823

--A Defining moment in foreign policy of the US

--Proclaimed US stance that european powers should no longer colonize Americas or interfere with sovereign nations in Americas

--Proclaimed by Truman in 1947 amid Greek Civil War crisis

--US was prepared to send any money, equipment or military force to countries which were threatened by the communist government THUS offered assistance to countries resisting communism.

--response to perceived aggression by the Soviet Union

--Amendment to Monroe Doctrine by TR

--Considered Latin America as an agent for expanding US commercial interests in the region, and keeping out European hegemony

--Basis for a use of economic and military hegemony to make the US dominant power in Western Hemisphere

--Created at the Bretton Woods conference in 1944

--Part of a post WWII reconstruction plan established to stabilize exchange rates among major currencies and set their value in terms of the dollar and gold.

--The international organization entrusted with overseeing the global financial system by monitoring exchange rates and balance of payments, as well as offering technical and financial assistance when asked

--Points of post WWI reconstruction delivered in a speech by Wilson in 1918

--Wilson argued for post war world with "open covenants" that were "openly arrived at", universal freedom of navigation on the high seas, the removal of tariffs and creation of equal trading opportunities for all, smaller militaries, self-determination for national minorities in europe, and an end to colonialism.

--Reached for high ideals, precursor to the League of Nations

--Created at the Bretton Woods conference in 1944

--Mission: to fight poverty and improve the living standards of people in the developing world

--A group of five international organizations responsible for providing finance and advice to countries for the purposes of economic development and poverty reduction, and for encouraging and safeguarding international investment

--Activities are focused on developing countries in such fields as human development (education, health), agriculture and rural development (e.g. irrigation, rural services), environment (e.g. pollution reduction, establishing and enforcing regulations), infrastructure (e.g. roads, urban regeneration, electricity), and governance (e.g. anti-corruption, legal institutions development). It provides loans at preferential rates to member countries, as well as grants to the poorest countries.

--Coined by Alexis de Tocqueville in 1831

--Historically referred to as the perception that the United States differs qualitatively from other developed nations, because of its unique origins, national credo, historical evolution, and distinctive political and religious institutions

--One of the first major crises of the Cold War, occurred from June 24, 1948 - May 11, 1949

--Soviet Union blocked Western railroad and street access to West Berlin.

--Crisis abated after the Soviet Union did not act to stop American, British and French airlifts of food and other provisions to the Western-held sectors of Berlin following the Soviet blockade.

--Refers to the pursuit of foreign policy objectives with the aid of conspicuous displays of military power—implying or constituting a direct threat of warfare, should terms not be agreeable to the superior force

--Considered form of hegemony

--Members of the Sandinista National Liberation Front, a leftist political party that ruled Nicaragua for roughly 12 years from 1979 to 1990

--After emerging victorious from a brief civil war it formed the government of Nicaragua from 1979 until 1990, during which time it faced heavy opposition from the United States due to its Marxist ideology and its military alliance with communist bloc countries such as the Soviet Union and Cuba. It organized - and lost - the February 25, 1990 elections and peacefully surrendered power

--The most powerful organ of the United Nations

--The most powerful organ of the United Nations

--Has the power to make decisions (Security Council Resolutions) which member governments must carry out under the United Nations Charter, other organs can only make recommendations.

--President rotated and lasts for one month --Two categories of membership: Permanent Members and Elected Members --Five Permanent Members originally drawn from victourious powers of WWII: China, Russia, France, UK, and the USA

--Five members Security Council Resolutions

--Each permanent member has veto powers that can void any resolution and outweighs any majority

--Began in March 1914, nine months before the US entered the war in December 1941

--A program of the United States Federal government during World War II which enabled the United States to provide the Allied nations with war material while the US was still officially a neutral country

--The first large step away from American isolationism and towards international involvement since the end of WWI

--Its a revision to the Cashy and Carry program that failed when Allied countries ran out of cash and transportation

--Leader of Soviet Union (1985-1991)

--His attempts at reform led to the end of the Cold War, but also caused the end of the political supremacy of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) and the dissolution of the Soviet Union

--He tried to reform the stagnating Communist Party and the state economy by introducing "openness", "restructuring", and "acceleration" of economic development

--A coded telegram dispatched by the Foreign Secretary of the German Empire, Arthur Zimmermann, on January 16, 1917, to the German ambassador in Mexico at the height of World War I

--It instructed the ambassador to approach the Mexican government with a proposal to form an alliance against the United States

--The aim of this strategy is to deter an adversary from performing the initial attack

--For it to work, it must not only be publically announced, but the adversary must believe that the entity announcing the policy has the capability and is willing to go through with it in the event of the attack.

--Based on the west's increasing frustration at its inability to dominate in wars like Korea with conventional strategies

--By relying on large nuclear arsenal Eisenhower believed convential forces could be reduced while still maintaining military prestige and power

--Raised tensions with Soviet bloc, had little practical effects, encouraged massived first strike.

--Led to mutural assured destruction doctrine

--It raised US tariffs on over 20,000 imported goods to record levels, and, in the opinion of many economists, protracted or even initiated the Great Depression

--believed to produce strategic results where the use of conventional armed forces is not practical or effective

--In Western politics: certain politics and finance in the Arab world, i.e. politics and finance used to promote terrorism rooted in ideological Islamic nationalism amongst various radical Islamist militant groups.

--Established lessesned military intervention

--Moved from the U.S. intervention of previous decades in pursuit of hemispheric solidarity against external threats

--Reagan's administration sold arms to Iran, an avowed enemy, as Americans were being held hostage in Lebanon by Hezbollah, a militant Shi'a organization loyal to Ayatollah Khomeini

--The generated large amounts of cash that became a problem since the activity was not authorized by congress

--Both the sale of weapons to Iran and the funding of the Contras violated stated administration policy and legislation passed by the Congress.

--Hezbollah took new hostages as they released old ones, producing no results

--Contras: right-wing guerrillas engaged in an insurgency against the Socialist Sandinista government of Nicaragua

--A strategic maneuver, based on either pragmatism, fear of war, or moral conviction, that leads to the known acceptance of imposed conditions in lieu of armed resistance

--France and USSR were unprepared for war, an election year for France with a weak leader, and USSR questioned capital alliances

--No Western Europe powers wanted war: severely overestimated Hitler's military ability at the time and thought they had fallen behind

--A general reduction in the tension between the Soviet Union and the United States and a weakening of the Cold War, occurring from the late 1960s until the start of the 1980s

--US economy in trouble due to Vietnam and Arms Race unsustainable for USSR

--Goals: disarmament; preventing war through collective security; settling disputes between countries through negotiation and diplomacy; and improving global welfare

--Lacked an armed force of its own and so depended on the Great Powers to enforce its resolutions, which they were often very reluctant to do

--Ultimately proved incapable of preventing aggression by the Axis Powers in the 1930s, replaced by the UN after WWII

--Impetus for the founding of the League came from Democratic U.S. President Woodrow Wilson although the United States never joined the League of Nations

--philosophy behind the League represented a fundamental shift in thought

--Old philosophy: Europe as a shifting map of alliances among nation-states, creating a balance of power maintained by strong armies and secret agreements

--The advent of reformist Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev in 1985 caused waves of reform to propagate throughout the Eastern bloc, presenting an opportunity for change in East Germany

--Named after US Secretary of State George Marshall, meeting of participating European states took place in 1947 and ran for four fiscal years

--By the time the plan had come to completion, the economy of every participant state, with the exception of Germany, had grown well past prewar levels

--a theory in international relations, political science, and philosophy which holds that democracies—specifically, liberal democracies—never or almost never go to war with one another. It can trace its philosophical roots to Immanuel Kant

--Created at the Bretton Woods Meetings in 1944

--setting out a plan for economic recovery after World War II, by encouraging reduction in tariffs and other international trade barriers

--called for immediately eliminating duties on half of all U.S. goods shipped to Mexico and gradually phasing out other tariffs over a period of about 14 years

--It is based on the theory of deterrence according to which the deployment of strong weapons is essential to threaten the enemy in order to prevent the use of the very same weapons

--The strategy is effectively a form of Nash Equilibrium, in which both sides are attempting to avoid their worst possible outcome--Nuclear Annihilation.

--The payoff of this doctrine is expected to be a tense but stable peace.

--Government to government: this level of analysis takes into account that internal governmental issues drive how a state relates with another state. The head of government may not be getting along with the legislative branch and therefore may act according to this schism

Became operational in 1995 and superceded the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

--a free trade agreement among Canada, the United States, and Mexico, went into effect on January 1, 1994.

--called for immediately eliminating duties on half of all U.S. goods shipped to Mexico and gradually phasing out other tariffs over a period of about 14 years

--also used to refer to the tripartite trading bloc of North American countries.

-20th Century foreign policy theory.

-if one land in a region came under the influence of Communists, then more would follow in a domino effect

Originally used by Eisenhower in 1954 to describe the prospects of communist expansion in Asia if Indochina were to fall, all of south east asia could fall

Used by US during Cold War to justify intervention in Vietnam