Forensic science career focusing on bones.                                                

Ondontology

Forensic science career focusing on teeth.

Arson                                         

Palynology

Ballistics

Area of forensic science that focus on firearms, bullet shells, and casings              

Pathology

Area of forensic science that focus on cause of death. 

Documents

Area of forensic science that focus on handwriting checks, inks, papers

Polygraph

Area of forensic that focuses on truthfulness ; but is not admissible in court.

Engineering

casts, marks, impressions 

Entomology

Area of forensics that focus on bugs                                                       

 Serology

Biological area of forensics that focus on blood

Forensic psychology

Area of forensics that focus on profiling                                  

Toxicology

Area of forensic that focus on drugs, poisons 

Provides expert testimony, examines evidence found at a crime scene, trains or oversees others in collecting evidence at a crime scene

Criminology

is the study of crime and criminals. 

Forensic science

examination of physical evidence by a scientific method of  identifying and comparing relevant materials.

Forensic scientist link evidence to a crime by

Civil law and private law

Evidence

anything that tends to establish or disprove a fact. It can include testimony, documents, and other objects. 

Type of law in which Supreme document and final authority on laws pertaining to individual rights, and on the power of the government to create laws and to create limits on punishments. 

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Statutory law

Type of laws enacted by a governmental body or agency having the power to make laws. Based on Constitution. Declaring, commanding, and prohibiting something.

Common law/case law

Type of made by judges, interpretation of statutory law 

Civil law/private law

deals with relationships between individuals involving such matters as property or contracts. Violations punishable by fines or transfer of property. Must be found guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. It is preponderance of evidence 

Criminal law/public law

deals with regulation and enforcement of rights, concerned with offenses against an individual that are deemed offensive to society. Punishable by fines, community service, jail time  

Equity law

remedial or preventative 

Administrative law

Locard Principle

Whenever two objects come into contact, there is always a transfer of material. This principle is used to look for and collect evidence, realizing that the perpetrator would have left evidence at a scene.

Rules of Evidence

established to determine whether the evidence presented is acceptable to be admitted in court.

Punishments by fines and transfer or property.

Classification of crime that's a Class A/B Crimes(less serious a Fines) violations that are not punishable by prison.

Misdemeanor

Classification of fine as Class C Misdemeanor. Up to one year & fines 

provided that evidence would be admitted if generally accepted by the scientific community or expert witnesses. 

Daubert

stated that evidance must be testable, subject to peer review, have a stated rate of error, follow standards and have widespread acceptance.

Statement made under oath by a witness, expert, or the accused known as direct evidence.

Physical evidence

Objects or materials found at a crime scene known as indirect evidence. 

regarding the admissibility of expert witness testimony applied to federal law but used as a standard for all state guide lines.  

DEA, FBI, ATF, IRS, U.S. Postal Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, secret Service

FBI crime laboratory

created in 1932 

First crime lab

Case that decided that evidence allowed in court depends on what is “generally accepted” by the relevant scientific community. 

Daubert vs Merrill Dow  

A grand jury determines

Fourth amendment

A judge

Admissible Evidence

Arraignment

first act in criminal proceeding, when the defendant is brought before court to hear charges and enter a plea. 

Expert witness

can give his/her opinion in a court of law if the witness has proven his expert status through credentialing, background, and experience.

“Fifth amendment”

Guarantees your right against self-incrimination?

Preliminary hearing

Suspect is brought before a judge. There is no jury. As the prosecution presents the case, the accused has the right to cross-examine witnesses and produce favorable evidence. The judge considers the offence and the defendant’s record and then decides to dismiss and/or reduce the charges for insufficient evidence, or determines that there is enough evidence to set a date for arraignment for trial.

Stare decisis

Material evidence

Hearsay

Testimony given by a witness based on what others have said 

Plea bargain