Term
|
Definition
| required to stay alive and reproduce |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| life-form made of one or more cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
membrane bound units
regulates passage of materials
highly organized
bounded by plasma membrane
contain concentrated chemicals in aq. soln.
reproduce by dividing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| explanation for general class of phenomena |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
all cells are made of cells
all cells come from preexisting cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
change in population characteristics over time
species are related by common ancestry
change in allele frequency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
individuals vary
heritable traits are passed to
offspring
certain versions of heritable traits help survival
increases freq. of alleles that contribute to reproductive success
only agent responsible for evolution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ability to produce offspring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| trait that increases fitness of an individual's environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
natural selection caused divergence to form new species
all species come from pre-existing species
all species have a common ancestor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
genealogical relationships
family tree |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can change during evolution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| effort to name + classify organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| effort to name + classify organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| major lineages in each domain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
species are unchanging types
variations are misleading |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
species are fixed
some species are higher
great chain of being |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| always producing more complex and better species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| individuals of the same species living at the same time |
|
|
Term
| descent with modification |
|
Definition
past species are ancestors of today's species
descendant species are modified
species change through time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any trace of an organism that lived in the past |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all fossils found and described in literature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sequence of named intervals called eons, eras and periods relative to major even in Earth's history |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extinct species preceded by similar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intermediate trait between older and younger species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| recognized in embryos ie. gill pouch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| data from independent sources agree |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
variation
heritability
reproduction
natural selection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| certain individuals with certain characteristics produce more offspring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
variation
heritability
reproduction
natural selection |
|
|
Term
| natural selection acts on... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| allele frequencies change in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
changes in environmental conditions
DOES NOT cause evolution
not progressive |
|
|
Term
| True or false: evolution is progressive |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| single allele affects multiple traits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or false. Selection acts on many traits simultaneously |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or false: Every adaption is compromise |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1 variation on a gene eg. G or g |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| God created perfect beings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
evolution through natural selection
(didn't know genes or bacteria) |
|
|
Term
| Evidence of change through time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mechanisms that shift allele frequency |
|
Definition
natural selection
genetic drift
gene flow
mutation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
causes allele freq. to change randomly
random with respect to fitness
most pronounced in small pop.
can lead to loss of function
due to sampling error |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
individuals leave 1 pop, join another, breed
random with respect to fitness |
|
|
Term
| Hardy-Weinberg assumption |
|
Definition
no natural selection
no genetic drift
no gene flow
no mutation
random mating |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| # and frequency of alleles present in a pop |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
avg. phenotype changed in one direction
reduces genetic variatio |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
reducing both extremes in a pop.
no change in avg. value of a trait
genetic variation is reduced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
eliminates phenotypes near avg. value
can lead to new species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
responsible for balancing selection
no single allele has a distinct
advantage
occurs when environment varies over time |
|
|
Term
| frequency-dependent selection |
|
Definition
| certain alleles are favored when they are rare |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specific allele that causes a distinctive phenotype |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| change in allele freq. that occurs when a new pop. is est. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
leads to loss of genetic diversity and new alleles
small role in human evolution
ultimate source of genetic variation
no evolution without it
increases genetic diversity |
|
|
Term
| gene flow____genetic diversity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| genetic drift____genetic diversity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| selection____genetic diversity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lower fitness
eliminated by purifying selection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
allows individual to produce more offspring
increase freq. due to natural selection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
changes genotype freq. not allele freq.
doesn't cause evolution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decline in average fitness |
|
|
Term
| loss-of-function mutations |
|
Definition
| usually deleterious or lethal |
|
|
Term
| inbred mating_____fitness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inbreeding____________evolution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
female choice
male-male competition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
protect tissues
stimulate immune system
come from diet |
|
|
Term
| females look for males with |
|
Definition
physical characteristics
resources/parental care
both |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mutation
selection
genetic drift |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| evolutionarily independant pop. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
biological
morphological
phylogenic |
|
|
Term
| biological species concept |
|
Definition
reproductive isolation
no interbreeding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
temporal
habitat
behavioral
genetic barrier
mechanical |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| different courtship displays |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eggs and sperm incompatible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reproductive structures incompatible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hybrid viability
hybrid sterility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| offspring don't develop normally and die as embryos |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| offspring become sterile adults |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
size and shape
likely with independence and isolation |
|
|
Term
| biological species concept disadvantages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| morphospecies concept disadvantages |
|
Definition
no cryptic species
subjective |
|
|
Term
| phylogenetic species concept |
|
Definition
| reconstructing evolutionary history |
|
|
Term
| monophyletic group/clade/lineage |
|
Definition
ancestral pop
identified by synamorphies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unique trait (homologous) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pop. lives in discrete geographic area
distinguishing features |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| speciation begins with physical isolation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| physical splitting of habitat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first requirement of speciation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
genetic isolation
genetic divergence
selection
genetic drift |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| result of catastrophic event |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| close enough to interbreed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
occurs even when gene flow is possible
rare/non-existant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when error in mitosis or meiosis results in chromosome doubling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| massive mutation that affects entire chromosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
results in doubling of chromosome number
all from same species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parents from different species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| geographic area where interbreeding occurs |
|
|
Term
| outcomes of secondary contact of 2 pop. |
|
Definition
fusion of pop.
reinforcement of divergence
founding of stable hybrid zones
extinction of pop.
creation of new species |
|
|
Term
| selection ____________ as variation ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| phylogenetic species concept disadvantages |
|
Definition
expensive
hardly any complete geonome sequences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shared characteristic of a particular group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all descendants who share a single ancestor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| more than one branch coming off |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| computing a stat that summarizes similarity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| avg. % of bases in DNA that differ between 2 pop. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| modified form of ancestral trait |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| natural selection favors similar solutions to problems by asimilar way of making a living |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most likely solution
implies least amt change |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most likely solution
implies least amt change |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| closely related but not a part |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
short inspired nuclear elements
transposable elements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| limitations of fossil record |
|
Definition
habitat bias
taxonomic and tissue bias
temporal bias
abundance bias
highly non-random database |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
places with deposited sediments
beaches, swamps, mudflats
pre-buried |
|
|
Term
| taxonometric and tissue bias |
|
Definition
organisms with hard parts
clams, snails, pollen grains, shark teeth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
recent more common
tectonic plates obliterate fossils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
542 mya
Hadean, Archaean, Proterzoic eons
unicellular life
no O2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
542 mya - present
Paleozoic
Mesozoic
Cenozoic eras |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mmajor animal lineages
land plants
fungi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
end-Permian extinction events - dinosaur extinction
gymnosperms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
paleogene period
neogene perios
angiosperms
mammals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ancestor included 1, not all of offspring |
|
|
Term
| most compelling events in life's history |
|
Definition
species originate
species go extinct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1 lineage many descendants
wide diversity of habitats
array of resources
monophyletic group, speciated rapidly, diversified ecology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| describe range of resources a species can use and range of tolerable conditions |
|
|
Term
| adaptive radiation triggers |
|
Definition
resources
exploit resources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| availability of new or novel types of resources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1st animals 565 mil yrs. ago
sponges, jellyfish, simple worms
shells, exoskeletons, internal skeltons, legs, eyes, mandibles, muscles, brains
small then big organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| collection of animal species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| collection of animal species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tiny sponges
clusters of cells
filtered debris from H2O
1st animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sponges, jelly-fish,burrows, tracks
no cels, limbs, mouths, feeding apppendages
filteres as burrowed
immobil on seaa floor
floated in H2O |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sponges jelyfish arthropods mollusks echinoderms worms vertebrates
bigger
morphological complexity
diversification of how to make a living
swam, walked, ran, slithered, clung
preators, scavengers, filter feeders, grazers |
|
|
Term
| Cambrian explosion triggers |
|
Definition
higher O2 lvls-efficient aerobis respiration, large bodies
evo of predation - drilling
new niches
now genes, bodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| signal where cells are in embryo early animals had few or none mutations increase Hox genes large and more complex are predators |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
rapid extinction of large # of lineages
when 60% extant dies
The Big 5
sudden, temporary
Not due to poor adaption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lower avg rate of extinction
normal environmental change, disease competition, from natural selection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
flood basalts called siberian traps
added heat, CO2 for global warming, sulfuric acid
sea lvl drop
terrestrial animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
asteroid 60-80% multicellular species
fireball, tsunami, acid rain, sun blocked |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
iridium
shocked quartz
crater NW of Yucatan |
|
|
