Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| freely circulating warm surface water |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| middle mass of water characterizeed by a steep and rapid decline in temp. of about 1 degree C for each meter of depth |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| deep cold layer of water cut off from the air above |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Cold water holds _____ ________ than warm water becuase the ___________ of a gas in water decreases as the temp. rises. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ increases as atmospheric pressure increases and itt decreases as salinity increases. |
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Definition
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Term
| The amount of acid needed to free carbon dioxide is tha measure of the water's _______________, which is:a gague of burrgerin capacity relative to acids. |
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Definition
alkalinity
a gauge of burrgerin capacity relative to acids. |
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Term
|
Definition
| In hard water (high pH), plant activity removes carbon dioxide and causes the precipitation of calcium carbonate. In soft water, Ca2+ and CO3 (2-) stay in solution. |
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Term
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Definition
| shallow water zone...light penetrates tot he bottom...occupied by rooted plants |
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Term
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Definition
| plants whose root and lower stems are immersed in water and whose upper stems and leaves stand above water |
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Term
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Definition
| open waeter zone inhabited by plankton and nekton |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| sediments that rest on the bottom of lakes and ponds |
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Term
| organisms that inhabit the bottom of a lake |
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Definition
|
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Term
| small phytoplankton vs large |
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Definition
| small phytoplankton have a highre maximum growth rate overall, highter maximum growwth as low levels of nutrients, and a lower sinking rate than large phytoplankton species |
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Term
| nutrient enrichment of aquatic systems |
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Definition
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Term
| the condition of being nutrient-poor |
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Definition
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Term
| Oligotrophic lakes are characterized by ________ surgace to volume ratio |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the nutrient content of the water is low; alothough nitrogen may be abundant, phosphorus is highly limiting. Low nutrient availability is due to a low input of nutrients from external sources |
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Term
|
Definition
| having moderate amounts of nutrients |
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Term
| the amount of oxygen needed for oxidative decomposition |
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Definition
| biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) |
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Term
| An excessive nutrient content results from a heavy influx of wastes, raw sewage, drainiage from agricultural lands, river basin developmetn, runoff from urban areas, and burning of foddil fuels ...this is a ________environment |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| recieve large amounts of organic matter from surrounding watersheds...productivity is considered to be low but that is only based on planktonic populations...the littoral zone is highly productive |
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Term
| a system that xontains extreemely hard water due to inputs of calcium over a long period of time |
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Definition
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Term
| a system that xontains extreemely hard water due to inputs of calcium over a long period of time |
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Definition
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Term
| lake velocity varries depending on |
|
Definition
| the size, shape and gradient of the stream channel, the roughness of hte bottom, the depth, and precipitaiton. |
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Term
| rivers seek _________________________ when choosing it's desired route |
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Definition
| the least resistant route to lower land |
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Term
| Fast or swiftly flowing streams are, roughly, all thouse whose velocity of flow is _______or higher. At this velocity, the current will remove all particles ________________in diameter and will leave behind a stony bottom. |
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Definition
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Term
| Fast streams are often a series fo three different but related habitats: |
|
Definition
1) the turbulent riffle
2) the run
3) a stretch of relatively smooth water leading to the quiet pool |
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Term
| the site of primary production in a stream |
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Definition
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Term
| in the riffle zone, _________________ occupy a position of the same importance as the phytoplankton of lakes and ponds |
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Definition
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Term
| ___________________ in streams 6 m wide decreases by one-half from teh sides to the cents: in streams 30m wides it decreases by one-third. Steams 2m wide or less in width are four times as rich in _________________ organisms as those 6-7m wide |
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Definition
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Term
| wet subsurface sediments make up a zone that is a sort of ecotone between groundwater and streamwater...this zone is the _______ zone |
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Definition
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|
Term
| A small headwater stream without any tributaries is a ________________ |
|
Definition
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|
Term
True of False:
Streams can increase in order when two steams of different orders join |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| land area contributing to the flow of for any one stream |
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Term
|
Definition
| a ody of land bounded above by a ridge or water divide and below by the level at which the water drains from the basin |
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Term
| leaves and woody debris dropped from streamside vegetiation |
|
Definition
| coarse partiucate organic matter (CPOM) |
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Term
| material less than 1mm that includes leaf fragments, invertabrate feces, and precipitated dissolved organic matter |
|
Definition
| fine particulate organic matter (FPOM) |
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Term
| material less than 0.5 micrometers in solution |
|
Definition
| disolved organc matter (DOM) |
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Term
| list functional groups (4) |
|
Definition
| shredders, collectors, scrapers, piercers |
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Term
|
Definition
| feed on mosses and filamentous algae |
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Term
|
Definition
| feed on the algal coating of stones and rubble |
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Term
| where do collectors get most of their nutrients? |
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Definition
| from bacteria assocaited with fine detrital particles |
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Term
|
Definition
| leaves and other large organic particles |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| combined processof nutrient cycling and downstream transport |
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Term
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Definition
| is the distance required for the uptake of an ion of a nutrient by consumer organisms..its transformation into particulate form and its return to water |
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Term
|
Definition
| the distance an ion tranvels in dissoveld from before being taken up |
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Term
| the distance an ion travels before being released to DOM |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| uptake lenght + turnover length |
|
Definition
spiral length
the longer the spiral length, the less efficient the steam is in retaining nutrients |
|
|
Term
| nutrient uptake lengths are shorter or longer in summer than in winter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| organisms of headwater streams are adapted: |
|
Definition
| to a narrow temp. range, to a reduced nutrient regime, and to maintenance of their position in the current |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| periodic flooding is a ntural event to which the biota is adapted |
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Term
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Definition
| riers whose water levels and water flows are controlled, whose channels have been strightened, and whose waters have been isolated from their flodplains by levees |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
how much moisture falls on world's land mass each year?
how much leaves by evaporation? |
|
Definition
111,000km3
2/3 - 71,000 km3 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loss of water by plants and animals |
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|
Term
| how much water flows into lakes, rivers, and streams a year? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where water goes once it falls on land ...what is it and what is it based on? |
|
Definition
water shed
based on natural elevation and formations |
|
|
Term
| Water that is not lost by evaportaion or transpiration will take one of three routes: |
|
Definition
1. subsurface runoff
2. percolate down to the water table
3. perolate down until it reaches an impermeable layer and then take the course of least resistance |
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Term
|
Definition
| the level where the substrate is permanently saturated with water and joins the underlying goundwater pool |
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Term
| underlying groundwater pool |
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Definition
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|
Term
| water moves in the direction of |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| leaves that fall off based on the seasons |
|
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Term
| how are springs, streams, lakes and wetlands produced by underground water? |
|
Definition
| when the lateral flow intersects the land surface |
|
|
Term
Which has a greater capacity to store groundwater?
upland basins characterized by steep slopes and shallow soils overlying impermeable bedrock or low slope catchments with deep sandy soils and fractured bedrock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| upland streams on thin substrates are dominated by: |
|
Definition
| surface and subsurface runoff |
|
|
Term
| lowland streams and rivers on thick porous substrates tend to carry runoff or ground water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| growing along a river or stream that help stabalize erosion |
|
|
Term
| tree roots provide _________ channels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cutting forests lowers both _______ and __________ |
|
Definition
| infiltration and transpirtaion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pattern of repopulation of a place that has been destroied |
|
|
Term
| The _____________ of groundwater in soil has a major impact on the quantities of plant nutrients exported |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organic matter becoming inorganic so that it can be utilized |
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|
Term
| solubilization is mainly brought about by: |
|
Definition
| carbonic acid and other acids released during microbial and invertebrate metabolism as well as by plant roots |
|
|
Term
| how long does it take a leaf in the water to release all of the nutrients it will release without the help of othter organisms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____________is the annual toltal quantity of a chemical added to a lake or passing a point in a stream |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do atmospheric inputs occur more rapidly in a cold lake? |
|
Definition
| becuase they hold more gas and have increased saturation rates |
|
|
Term
| What are attached to algae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In ecosystem models, the chemical of intrest, typically, moves __________________ among the various reservoirs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Unlike cyclic movement in lakes and reservoirers, stream systems display ___________ or __________ patterns of movement. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Once particulate organic matter (POM) is so small you can't see it, it becomes |
|
Definition
| dissolved organic matter (DOM) |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What element compounds have a profound effect on water chemistry and are a component of PS And acid deposiitoin?. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the most acutely important process in aquatic habitats? |
|
Definition
| oxygen production and use |
|
|
Term
| what effect does phosphorous have on autotrophs and decomposers? |
|
Definition
| it overstimulates then leading to an increase in oxygen consumption leading to an anarobic environment. |
|
|
Term
| Phosphorus _______________ plant growth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three main roles of nitrogen |
|
Definition
1. acid deposition
2. organismal metabolism
3. cultural eutrophication |
|
|
Term
| The lost likely candidate for the limiting nutrient for algal growth is __________ and when it is not the limiting factor, the next most likely candidate is______________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In abundance, silicon limits the growth of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three major imporvements have aided in the evolution of limnology |
|
Definition
1. in microscopes
2. the invention of the silk plankton net
3. improvements in thermometers |
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Term
|
Definition
| temporary streams and or rivers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
running water:
springs, rivulets, brooks, creeks, streams, and rivers |
|
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Term
|
Definition
standing water
pools, ponds, some swamps, bogs, lakes, etc.... |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Limnology can apply to salt and freashwater as long as the body of water is not oceanic .... meaning.... |
|
Definition
| outside contenental boundaries |
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Term
| lake basin vs. drainage basin |
|
Definition
| lake basins hold water while drainage basins are the regions that are drained by a river |
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Term
| how might details of about the depth and conture of a lake bottom be measured? |
|
Definition
| sounding weight line and or an echo sounder |
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Term
|
Definition
| tool used to measure area from a good map or aerial photograph |
|
|
Term
| Surface area is usually constant in trmperate lakes except during |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| reservoirs are __________________ in summer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| underwater contour lines are used to |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| cubic meters or cubic kilometers |
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Term
|
Definition
| divide the volume of the lake by its surface area |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________________________ is represented on a hyposographic curve |
|
Definition
| morphometric data (shape data) |
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|
Term
| on a hyposographic curve, what is on which axis? |
|
Definition
| depth along the vertical axis with volume or area along the horizontal axis |
|
|
Term
| oligotrophic lakes are ususlly ________________________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Shape of teh lake basin results from the topography of the ________________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most natural lakes and estuaries were formed by: |
|
Definition
| tectonic (oldest), volcanic (most recent) and or glacial (most abundant) forces |
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|
Term
| Physical characteristics, especially the interaction of ________________,________________, and ____________ _______________ establishes a vertical element withing lakes (layers/strata or zones of productivity, density and chemical composition) |
|
Definition
| light, temperature, and wind mixing |
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|
Term
| On a global scale, ____________________________ provides the heat that drives the wold's wind patterns |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______________ passed to surface water provides mixing in both lakes and oceans. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Heat from solar radiation in aquatic ecosystems performs two funcitons: |
|
Definition
1. establishes thremal stratificaiton in water bodies
2. regulateas the rates of chemical reactions and biological processes |
|
|
Term
| Heat is produced by the transformation (________________) of light energy in water. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Penetraion of light through the earth's atmosphere and through water results in the _______________________________ and _____________________ |
|
Definition
| selective absorption and scattering of light |
|
|
Term
| What ultimately regulates teh level of PS activit> |
|
Definition
| the spectral composition and percentage of light of various wavelengths arriving at the lake surface and at depth |
|
|
Term
| What affects the intensity of light reaching the pigments suitable for PS ? |
|
Definition
light scatter
absorption
reflection |
|
|
Term
| ____________ _____________ can allow plakton to capture available light even in the winter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| too much light leading to damage is termed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: Light intensity has no affect on productivity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| angle of incidence varies based on (3 things) |
|
Definition
different latitudes
seasons
time of day |
|
|
Term
| The quantitiy and quality of light penetrating the atmosphere varies with ____________ _________________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ratio of indirect to direct lgiht depends on (3) |
|
Definition
1. the distance lgiht travels through the atmosphere
2. the extent of scattering
3. local topography |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| light scattered or reflected off mountains, clouds, or atmospheric particles |
|
|
Term
| How can scattered cloud cover increase the overall intensity of solar radiation at the water's surface? |
|
Definition
| by reflecting light onto the lake |
|
|
Term
| riparian vegetaion may completely _____ a streambed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| horizontal lake regions deal with _________ while vertical zonation deals with __________ |
|
Definition
| substrate vs. water column |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extends from the shore....water's edge .......outward as far as rooted plants grow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deep water at the bottom of a lake below effective penetration of light |
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|
Term
| the aphotic zone extends below the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| term for all the stuff suspended in the water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the stuff moving along hte bottom...does alot of scouring |
|
|
Term
| fluctuating temperatures, waves and grinding ice are all causes of erosion resuting in a bottom region of relatively __________ _____________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the peripheral shallows are subject to two sources of erosion |
|
Definition
| fluctuating temperatures and waves/grinding ice |
|
|
Term
| blow the 1% light level, there is no ______________ and no _____________________ |
|
Definition
| PS and net oxygen production |
|
|
Term
| At night, do oxygen concentrations increase or decrease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| depth at which photosynthesis = respiration, 1% light level. Below this depth - no net increase in oxygen concentration |
|
|
Term
| rooted aquatic plants that are large enough to be seen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contribute fragments to the sediments (organic detritus) and proved support and serve as food for toher organisms |
|
|
Term
| anything that was alive and is now dead becomes a part of the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sediments to accumilate and plants to grow |
|
|
Term
| Macrophytes that are not flowering plants are: |
|
Definition
| aquatic ferns, mosses, liverworts or algae that can be free-floating or rooted |
|
|
Term
| Emergent vs submergent plant reproduction |
|
Definition
| pollenation vs. releasing gametes in water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F there is distinct macrophyte zonation with increase in depth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| angiosperms do not occur _____________ ______ of surface illumination |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blow 2% light penetration, totally submerged lower plants thrive...these include |
|
Definition
*shade adapted species
*dim blue-green light adapted species (mosses [Sphagnum, Fontinalis], charophyte algal genera, and liverwort) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| epiphytic algae are very productive due to __________ _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why isn't biomass a good indicator of productiving? |
|
Definition
| because it is being eaten |
|
|
Term
| the littoral benthos have great _________ and high ___________ _________ |
|
Definition
diversity
annual productiobn |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| planktonic their entire life |
|
|
Term
| organisms living in the hypolimnion are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stratum of water adjacent to the benthic zone of the sublittoral zone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extends lakeward from the littoral zone and the stratum of water adjacent to its benthic zone is the metalimnion |
|
|
Term
| why are their fewer species in the sublittoral zone than the littoral zone? |
|
Definition
| fewer number of niches for them to fill |
|
|
Term
| 5 characteristics of the sublittoral zone |
|
Definition
- sediments are finer grained than littoral zone sediments
- dim light levels
- lacking macroflors
-ususally well oxygenated during times of mixing
-fauna caontains fewer species than littoral assemblage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| first 10cm of profundal sediment contain ______________(produce carbon dioxide in respirtaion) while the next 10 cm contain ______________ |
|
Definition
aerobic organisms
anaerobic organisims |
|
|
Term
| life in the profundal zone depends on (3 things) |
|
Definition
-the supply of energy and nutrients from the limnetic zone
-the temperature
-the availabiligy of oxygen |
|
|
Term
| The aphotic zone extends from below the photic zone to the lake bottom...in this zone, |
|
Definition
| no new oxygen is being produced...oxygen is actually consumed...the oxygen that does make it down there is from summer mixing |
|
|
Term
| in what zone are currents at a minimum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the profundal zone, the overlying stratum of water, the ______________, is characterized by decay rather than the production of organic matter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| horizontal zone not associated with sedimetn or the bottom |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pelagic or limnetic zone organisms must be adapted for: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| not associated with the bottom |
|
|
Term
| what make up the majority of the nekton in the limnetic zone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| distribution of organisms in the limnetic zone is influenced by |
|
Definition
| foody supply, oxygen and temperature |
|
|
Term
| warm water fish are in the ____________ in the summer while cold water fish _______________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mixing of the water column |
|
|
Term
| during spring and fall, warm-water and cold-water limnetic species ____________ |
|
Definition
| occupy all depth levels due to overturn |
|
|
Term
| in the benthic zone, the _____________ is very low in oxygen ...the dominant organisms are ______ bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| NO3 and PO4 which are made available for aerobes |
|
|
Term
| As the quantity of organic matter reaching the bottom is greater than can be utilized by the bottom fauna, this material forms and odoriferous muck rich in __ ____ and ________ |
|
Definition
| hydrogen sulfide and methane |
|
|
Term
| lakes and ponds with _________________ ______________ limnetic and littoral zones have an impoverished fauna on the profundal bottom |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Life in the bottom ooze is most abundant in lakes iwth a ________ ________________ in which some ________ is available |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| upper windswept and well-illuminated water later (photosynthesis occurs and it is the region where syntheiss of organic compounds occurs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| below trophogenic zone...darker...respiratiobn and decomposision predominate...organic compounds are broken down. |
|
|
Term
| The trophogenic-tropholytic boundary is a function of ____________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
After thermal stratification is in place, nutrients often become ___________ in the photic zone.
While nutrients _____ ________ or even __________ iin the aphotic zone |
|
Definition
depleated
remain constant / accumulate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the depth at which rapid change in a substance occurs |
|
|
Term
| thermal stratification of late spring/early summer ... nutrients are depleated in the photic zone because |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most unique thing about blue-green algae |
|
Definition
| they can fix nitrogen out of the atmosphere |
|
|
Term
| The littoral zone and the bed of a shallow lake provide a good habitat for _____________________ whose foraging, burrowing, and excreation aid in ___________from the bottom |
|
Definition
bottom dwelling organisms
recycling nutrients |
|
|
Term
| what makes streams and rivers more open systems than lakes or ponds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Water sources for streams and rivers can be |
|
Definition
-springs
-rain falling directly on the stream
- surgace runoff from precipitaiton
-snowmelt
-groundwater that has passed through the soil |
|
|
Term
| ______ to ________ times more water available in the ground as is available on the surgace |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| unconfined ground water areas |
|
Definition
| areas underlain by impermeable rock |
|
|
Term
| confined or artesian ground water |
|
Definition
| areas between two impermeable rock layers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| coming out of confined aquafers |
|
|
Term
| underground water sources are___________ by rainfall |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the uppersurface of an unconfined aquifer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| seepage putting water in a stream or river |
|
|
Term
| seasonal flow may vary greatly depending on |
|
Definition
| precipitation and spring snowmelt |
|
|
Term
| gradients of streams and rivers |
|
Definition
streams - steep gradients
rivers- low gradients at lower elevations |
|
|
Term
| ___________ _____________ in streams is often dependent ona variety of organic matter with terrestrial origin (leaves, twigs, grasses) |
|
Definition
| secondary production (heterotrophs) |
|
|
Term
| streams and rivers are set apart form lakes by two factors |
|
Definition
- relatively fast flowing water
- input of organic matter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organic matter produced outside of the streak river or lake |
|
|
Term
| organic matter produced outside of the streak river or lake |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what contributes to almost all of the organic matter in a shaded stream? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| autochthonous organic matter |
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Definition
| material produced iwth in a stream or lake |
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Term
| what produces autochthonous organic matter? |
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Definition
| attached algae, higher aquatic plants and mosses |
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Term
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Definition
| area of different velocity than the mainflow of the stream |
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Term
| True plankton are commonly in: |
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Definition
-deep, slowing moving strtches of river or behind dams
- some in pools of slow movins streams
- backwater of stream |
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Term
| The lotic habitat is subdivided inot two zones: |
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Definition
- the cool, shallow, and often stony bottomed stream
- the warmer, silty bedded river |
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Term
| Streams consist of clear water flowing over shallow _______ ___________ separated by deeper pools that collect organic debris |
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Definition
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Term
| which is clearer, a stream or river? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Current varies in stream cross sections due to |
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Definition
-friction with bottom
-sinuosity obstructions |
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Term
| how often water bumps into a curve is the measure of |
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Definition
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Term
| Highest current velocities are found |
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Definition
| wehre friction is the least (near the surface and near the center of the channel) |
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Term
| Velocity decreases as a function of the logarithm of _________ |
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Definition
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Term
| velocity approaches _____ at the subsrate surface called the ____________ or ______ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| flow of water through piled up gravel (riffle) ... important for oxygenation not nutrition because there is no PS under rocks! |
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Term
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Definition
Q=WDU
Q= (width) (depth) (velocity [m/s]) |
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Term
| Discharge in small streams may be measured by direct collection at a _______. For larger streams, a _________ can be calibrated so height of the water corresponds to the discharge. |
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Definition
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