Term
| Countries around the world that produce raisins |
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Definition
United States
Turkey
Iran
Chile
Australia |
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Term
| USA states that have raisin production |
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Definition
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Term
| How to do a sun-dried tray and its locations in the row |
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Definition
Row has a 5% slope from the high side(North) to the low side
Paper tray placed on the high side out of the shade from the low side vine |
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Term
| Why leaf removal is important from trays |
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Definition
It is a cause for uneven drying
Also has water so can be a mold problem on the tray |
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Term
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Definition
Grape has a purplish marking on skin
Squeeze grape and if cracks can have botrytis |
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Term
| Factors contributing to mold and other raisin defects |
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Definition
Cut clusters do not pull or milk them
Place clusters in picking containers do not drop
Use round picking containers versus rectangular picking box
Place on tray as best as possible do not throw
Dont kneel or step on terrace surface
Remove leaves and other debris from tray
Place picking tray as far North on row center as possible |
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Term
| Grape puff vs. Convectional drying |
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Definition
Grape puff-dried from the inside-out. Use microwave power and energy
Conventional drying-dried from the outside-in. Use sun energy to dry out |
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Term
| How far back does raisins date back too |
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Definition
| Likely dates back to Biblical times in the Middle East but the exact date is not known |
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Term
| Earliest shipment to the colonies |
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Definition
| Earliest recorded shipment of raisins is June 1936 to the Boston Harbor as indicated by the port records. The governor of Mass. Bay Colony received about 115 pounds of raisins |
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Term
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Definition
Mid-19th century
Queen Victoria court enjoyed raisins imported from S. Africa
1838 Queen Victoria opened the gardens of Hampton Court to the public
Main attraction-a grapevine planted 100 years earlier in Queen Mary's exotic plant collection
More than 230 years old-the Great Vine still thrives making it the oldest and largest known vine in the world |
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Term
| Which country or countries produce 2/3 of the worlds supply |
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Definition
| Currently USA and Turkey produce 2/3 of the worlds supply |
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Term
| Raisins important in these 6 countries |
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Definition
Turkey
USA
Greece
Iran
Australia
South Africa |
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Term
| 2012 world production data of raisins |
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Definition
USA
Turkey
China
Iran
Chile
Afghanistan
South Africa |
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Term
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Definition
EU-27
Japan
Canada
China
Other |
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Term
| First commercial raisin variety in CA |
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Definition
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Term
| What happened that made the expansion of CA raisin possible |
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Definition
| The Central Pacific Railroad in 1872 |
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Term
| Counties that raisins are produced in CA |
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Definition
Fresno-71%
Madera-17%
Tulare
Kern
Kings
Merced
Samll % from Coachella Valley |
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Term
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Definition
5,000 growers concentrated in a 75 mile radius around Fresno
25 raisin processing plants (California)
18 dehydrators (California)
Sun-Maid Growers of California-world's largest raisin packer processing 35% of Ca crop
90% of Ca raisins are naturally sun dried
Rest mechanically dried by gas dehydrators |
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Term
| Criteria for raisin varieties |
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Definition
Seedlessness
Early ripening
Grape maturity
Economic yield
Compatible with mechanical harvesting
Uniform size
Texture
Flavor |
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Term
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Definition
Thompson Seedless
Fiesta
Black Corinth
Black Monukka
Sultana
Muscat of Alexandria
DOVine
Summer Muscat
Diamond Muscat
Selma Pete |
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Term
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Definition
Atmospheric dehydration
Osmotic dehydration
Low pressure dehydration |
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Term
| 4 world regions that is suitable for sun-drying raisins |
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Definition
SJV-CA
Orange river valley-RSA
Chile
Mexico |
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Term
| When was golden raisins developed (Date) |
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Definition
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Term
| Some facts about the history fro dehydration |
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Definition
Earliest dehydrators=no fans
Used natural draft to move air past fruit
1920 firms marketed forced-air dehydrators that became industry standards
Today heated air dryers=9% of the raisins
Dehydration is significantly more expensive |
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Term
| What are dehydrators used for in wet years |
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Definition
Used to recondition raisins
Water treatment that remove raisins with mold, embedded sand, and insect damage |
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Term
| Important factors affecting the drying process |
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Definition
Choice of fruit-Sugar
Dipping
Sorting
Tray loading
Sulfur application
Drying |
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Term
| Fresh grape treatment to break down the skin layer |
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Definition
Dipping in hot water for 5-10 seconds
Sudden exposure ruptures epidermal cells
Hairline cracks/checks created in the skin
Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) often added to water to improve cracking
During drying moisture escapes though cracks-reduce drying time
Don't prolong dipping time-deep cracks, peeling results in loss of juice, sticky fruit, difficult handling
Depending on Brix-drying times=13.5-19.0 hours
Untreated fruit (no cracking)=19.5-31.5 hours |
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Term
| Process of making golden seedless raisins |
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Definition
Hand harvested TS in 1,000lbs bins
Washed grapes conveyed into dipping tank with water plus NaOH
Fruit to shaker with high pressure water spray to wash off the NaOH residue off
Travel over a draper and loaded onto 3 X 6 ft trays (60 lbs)
24 trays on car stacked and rolled into enclosure and treated with SO2
SO2=liqid rate 4-8 lbs/fresh ton of fruit
In SO2 chamber for 6-12 hours, SO2=2,000 ppm |
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Term
| Difference between golden and dipped raisins |
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Definition
Dipped raisins same as golden except:
No NaOH added to water
Water temp.=210 F
No SO2 exposure |
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Term
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Definition
Air drawn past a natural gas burner into a chamber
Portion of air re-circulated to save energy
Each tunnel holds 18-24 cars
Cars at the hot end dries the fastest
Cars can be taken out and turned and put back into the tunnel
Cycle takes place every 2 hours for 24 hours during season
Finished cars allowed to cool after removal and are unstacked when trays reach ambient temperature
Trays are scraped to loosen raisins
Raisins collected into bins and bins stacked until processing
Empty trays are washed and sent to dipping line |
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Term
| What is counter flow dehydration |
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Definition
| Movement of cars in the tunnel is in the opposite direction of the flow of air. Grapes are dried using counter-flow because of the difficulty of obtaining acceptably low final moisture content. |
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Term
| Alternate methods for grape preparation |
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Definition
Refined methyl oleate and potassium carbonate
Mixed into water to disassociate platelets of epidermis
More rapid moisture transfer
Drying time reduced from 14-7 days for sun dried raisins
This method adapted for tunnel dehydration |
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Term
| Microwave vacuum dehydration |
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Definition
Uniform heating of the fruit
Contains the original shape of the fruit
Dries grapes from the inside out
Maintains color and flavor of the fruit |
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Term
| Raisin processing definition |
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Definition
| The separation of raisins from the mixture of stems, capstems and other. Includes the separation of inferior raisins and washing, rehydration, sorting and packaging. |
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Term
| Components of the processing facility |
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Definition
| Receiving, Inspection, Storing, Fumigation, Storage containers, Processing, and Packaging and shelf life |
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Term
| How is inspection done of the loads of raisins |
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Definition
| Weighed, Unloaded (passing from grower to processor), Law require any determination of quality be done by third party (USDA), 25% of load randomly selected by inspector, 75% of load sampled by using pry bar method (both samples combined and analyzed at USDA lab), inspectors trained to look for defects, obvious defect the load can be held back or rejected, sampled collected and evaluated for moisture content, quality determined by airstream sorters |
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Term
| What does RAC and CRMB stand for |
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Definition
RAC=Raisin Administrative Committee
CRMB=California Raisin Marketing Board |
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Term
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Definition
Moisture content or storage <16% as determined by a DFA dried fruit moisture tester
Bins with raisins can be stored for up to 12 months
Stack bins in multiple row 6-8 bins high
Stored on a well-drained, asphalt or concrete surface
Stacks covered with sisal kraft paper |
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Term
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Definition
Aluminum phosphide (Phostoxin) and Methyl bromide (not in use anymore) are used to prevent insect infestation.
Application of Aluminum phosphide is in tablet form and reacts with the humidity in the air to form hydrogen phosphide. Requires 24-48 hours to complete fumigation. Can be repeated every 30 days. When raisins need processing part of sisal kraft paper is removed for ventilation to ensure no residue |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 4 insects that can contaminate raisins post-harvest |
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Definition
Dried fruit beetle
Sawtoothed grain beetle
Indian meal moth
Raisin moth |
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Term
What insect is the vector for grapevine leafroll virus
What insect is the vector for grapevine fanleaf virus
What insect is the vector for Pierce's Disease |
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Definition
Mealybugs=grapevine leafroll virus
Scales=grapevine fanleaf virus
Sharpshooters=Pierce's Disease |
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Term
| Difference between Western grape leafhopper and variegated leafhopper |
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Definition
Western grape leafhopper=white and green with black spots
Variegated leafhopper=mostly green with big V on its back |
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