Term
| Percent of water in plant parts |
|
Definition
-90% of leaves and berries
-50% of woody tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-solvent: osmosis
-reactant in photosynthesis
-manitains turgidity of plant cells (opening and closing of stomata) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Drip irrigation
-Sprinkler: mostly for cover crop establishment and frost control
-Furrow/Flood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-soil is the reservoir for water in vineyards
-water is held as a film around soil particles and pores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when all of the pores are filled and the air is displaced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when more water is added to saturated soils |
|
|
Term
| how to reach field capacity? |
|
Definition
| let the saturated soil drain under the influence of gravity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no water is available to plants |
|
|
Term
| As soil approaches Permanent Wilting Point (PWP) what happens to vine? |
|
Definition
| vine performance and vigor declines rapidly |
|
|
Term
| What are units for tension? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As soils dry why is it difficult for a plant to absorb that water |
|
Definition
| because the water is held at a greater tension by the soil |
|
|
Term
| When does water stress symptoms and loss of yield occur? |
|
Definition
| when more than 50% of available water has been extracted |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when plants wilt during day, but recover at night |
|
|
Term
| Permanent Wilting Point (PWP) |
|
Definition
| when plants wilt during the day but fail to recover at night |
|
|
Term
| how to you find the available water? |
|
Definition
FC (Field Capacity) - PWP = available water.
-expressed in in/foot or mm/meter |
|
|
Term
| Factors that influence irrigation |
|
Definition
-soil texture
-soil depth
-rootstock
-floor management
-climate
-stage of development
-size of canopy
-use of crop |
|
|
Term
| Soil texture influence on water |
|
Definition
-sandy soils: water spreads vertically
-clays: water spreads laterally
-sand: need emitters close together, want to overlap watering |
|
|
Term
| floor management influence on water |
|
Definition
-cover crops can compete with vines for water
-well managed can increase soil water retention and water infiltration |
|
|
Term
| soil depth influence on water |
|
Definition
a deeper soil or finer texture can store more water
-clay or silt loam: 2.5 in H20/ft of soil
-sand or gravel: 0.8 in/ft |
|
|
Term
| rootstock influence on water |
|
Definition
| rootstocks vary in drought tolerance, due to rooting depth and number of branch roots |
|
|
Term
| canopy size influence on water |
|
Definition
-transpiration directly related to surface area.
-larger canopies use more water |
|
|
Term
| Use of crop (table, raisin, wine) influence on water |
|
Definition
| -not subjected to regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) |
|
|
Term
| water moves from soil to roots b/c of osmotic potential, which is? |
|
Definition
| when solute concentration of root is higher than solute concentration of soil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
through root cells into xylem tissue
-pulled up through xylem b/c of transpiration through leaves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| single cells that lack cuticle, provide a high curface area |
|
|
Term
| indirect irrigation applications |
|
Definition
-leaching: salts can be leached from the root zone
-frost protection
-fertigation
-heat supression
-cover crop establishment |
|
|
Term
| what happens to water in fruit? |
|
Definition
| -either stored there and becomes the solvent for sugar and other compounds |
|
|
Term
| what happens to water in leaves? |
|
Definition
| -it will diffuse across cell walls into cells or be lost through stomata to atmosphere |
|
|
Term
| what is the evaporation-tension-cohesion mechanism |
|
Definition
| when water that is lost through the stomata lowers pressure, maintains a pressure gradient from roots to leaves |
|
|
Term
| what two ways is water lost to the atmosphere? |
|
Definition
1.) Evaporation (Es: evaporation through soil)
2.) Transpiration (Ef: evaporation through foliage) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rate of evaporation depends on |
|
Definition
-frequency of wetting the soil
-area of soil surface wetted
-proportion of soil surface thats shaded
-air temp
-humidity (vapor pressure gradient)
-wind speed at ground level |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-cool leaves
-basis for the evaporation-tension-cohesion continuum
-increases the absorption of minerals |
|
|
Term
| how much of the water absorbed by the plant is used |
|
Definition
-95% lost by transpiration
-5% or less used for metabolism and growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.)Vapor pressure gradient (transpiration depends on ambient humidity)
2.)Temperature
3.)Wind: removes boundary layer of leaf and stomates close |
|
|
Term
| Types of irrigation systems |
|
Definition
| -pressurized vs. non-pressurized |
|
|
Term
| non-pressurized systems include |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pressurized systems include |
|
Definition
-Over-the-canopy (sprinklers)
-Under-the-canopy (micro-jet, drip) |
|
|
Term
| plant factors affecting transpiration |
|
Definition
1.) shape and orientation of leaves: affects degree of light interception
2.) Leaf area: the more stomata, the higher the transpiration rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.) In-Line: placed inside the drip line at a predetermined spacing
2.) On-Line: manually placed in the line on the outside |
|
|
Term
| Height of above ground and below ground drip systems |
|
Definition
-Above: 16-24 inches above floor
-Below: 18-24 inches buried |
|
|
Term
| What pressure do overhead sprinklers operate at? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What pressure do micro sprinklers operate at? |
|
Definition
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