Term
| what do selective staining procedures teach us about the nervous system |
|
Definition
| nissle and golgi methods of staining are useful to reveal cellular organization and diversity within the CNS |
|
|
Term
| purpose of immunohistochemical and molecular biology techniques of studying the nervous system |
|
Definition
| identify functional proteins |
|
|
Term
| what is anterograde transport |
|
Definition
| transport of substances from the cell body down the axon of the neuron. |
|
|
Term
| what is retrograde transport |
|
Definition
| transport of substances from the synapse up the axon to the cell body of the neuron |
|
|
Term
| how is axonal transport studied? |
|
Definition
| we can put radioactive amino acids in the cell body. We can follow where the radioactive amino acid goes. We might find it in a synapse in the brainstem or in a synapse all the way down the lumbar spine. Axonal transport of radioactive amino acids helps us follow where the axon goes. |
|
|
Term
| what can radiological techniques teach us about the nervous system |
|
Definition
| useful to study 3-d images of brain and brain functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| provides a slice or tomogram of various regions within the brain; shows excellent detail between gray and white matter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what did CT teach us most about |
|
Definition
| taught us most about 3-d aspects of bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loads you up with radiation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| magnetic resonance imaging |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chamber with big electromagnetic field around you produced by magnetic coils. Magnetic fields are so strong that they align protons/electrons in our body. Turn it on and off for a brief second, makes the protons fall then move back up; creates an image on a printer. |
|
|
Term
| how ar MRI's images of the brain |
|
Definition
| makes extraordinarily detailed images of the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| noninvasive and safe. Non-x-ray |
|
|
Term
| what is the viewpoint of MRI |
|
Definition
| slices can be taken from any plane |
|
|
Term
| how does MRI find pathologies |
|
Definition
| can utilize contrast mechanisms (dyes) to highlight pathologic conditions like tumors, hematomas, aneurysms |
|
|
Term
| is MRI good for studying normal brains or pathological issues |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what kind of information projects to the calcarine fissure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do we know that visual information projects to the calcarine fissure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| do areas of the brain that are very metabolically active contain deoxyhemoglobin or oxyhemoglobin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why do areas that are metabolically active contain deoxyhemoglobin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does the deoxyhemoglobin appear on MRI |
|
Definition
| deoxy has a different magenetic resonance than oxy; shows up differently on MRI |
|
|
Term
| what can we use to follow pathways through the brain, such as the visual pathway as it goes from the projection neuron in the retina to the nucleus in the thalamus to the calcarine fissure and primary visual cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| another functional brain imge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Positrion Emission Tomography |
|
|
Term
| what do you have to inject someone with for PET scans to measure brain activity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the steps in the visual pathway? |
|
Definition
| 1. retinal ganglion cells; 2. optic nerve; 3. fibers cross chiasm; fibers project to lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus; 4. fibers continue via optic radiations to visual cortex occipital lobe; 5b. Some fibers project to superior colliculi |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 main parts of the brain? |
|
Definition
| cerebrum, brainstem, cerebellum |
|
|
Term
| what (generally) makes up the cerebrum |
|
Definition
| cerebral hemispheres and associated lobes; diencephalon |
|
|
Term
| what makes up the brainstem? |
|
Definition
| midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata |
|
|
Term
| what is the outer part of the cerebrum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 lobs of the cerebral cortex? |
|
Definition
| frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 important nuclei within the cerebral hemispheres |
|
Definition
| basal ganglia, hippocampal formation, amygdala |
|
|
Term
| what is enclosed by the 2 hemispheres? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the ventricular system produce and circulate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| like the lymph of our nervous system. protect and nourish the brain |
|
|
Term
| where is the 3rd ventricle? |
|
Definition
| within the diencephalon in the very center of the brain |
|
|
Term
| where is the 4th ventricle |
|
Definition
| located on the dorsal aspect of pons and medulla inferior to the cerebral aqueduct |
|
|
Term
| in what space does CSF go to surround the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what structure connects the right and left hemispheres |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are commissural fibers |
|
Definition
| axons that traverse between the 2 hemispheres thorugh the corpus callosum |
|
|
Term
| what are associative fibers |
|
Definition
| axons that project from lobe to lobe within the same hemisphere |
|
|
Term
| what are projection fibers |
|
Definition
| axons that ascend to and descend from hemispheres to other regions of the CNS |
|
|
Term
| what is the major connection between the 2 sides of the brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many axons course through the corpus callosum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the name of the axons that course through the corpus callosum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| do associative fibers cross from left to right side of the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what fibers run up and down from brain to brainstem/spinal cord and vice versa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the biggest lobe in the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the primary motor cortex? |
|
Definition
| area where first neurons originate to help us move. |
|
|
Term
| what initiates motor commands to control voluntary muscles and movements |
|
Definition
| primary motor cortex and premotor cortex |
|
|
Term
| where is the primary motor cortex and premotor cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do upper motor neurons do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where in relation to the primary motor cortex is the premotor cortex |
|
Definition
| premotor cortex is anterior to the primarymotor cortex |
|
|
Term
| where do upper motor neurons originate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if you could only say one word that the frontal lobe is involved with, what would it be? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if you could say one phrase to describe what the frontal lobe is involved with, what would it be? |
|
Definition
| planning and executing behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what lobe is Broca's area in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens in the frontal lobe to affect personality |
|
Definition
| integration and coordination of neuronal processes that influence personality |
|
|
Term
| what impact does frontal lobe have on behavior |
|
Definition
| has to do with planning and executing normal behavior |
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 important functions/areas of the frontal lobe |
|
Definition
| personality, normal behavior, Broca's area (speech), primary motor cortex |
|
|
Term
| what is the primary sensory cortex? |
|
Definition
| large gyrus that receives afferent neuronal information concerning pain, touch, temperature, and proprioception |
|
|
Term
| what kinds of sensory information goes to the primary sensory cortex |
|
Definition
| pain, touch, temperature, and proprioception |
|
|
Term
| where would tickling, squeezing project to in the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what lobe contains the primary sensory cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the parietal lobe do other than having the primary sensory cortex |
|
Definition
| parietal lobe integrates and coordinates neuronal processes that influence our attention and perceputal awareness of our surroundings |
|
|
Term
| what is the language comprehension center? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what lobe houses Wernicke's area? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the primary auditory and olfactory complex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the primary visual cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| other than having the primary auditory and olfactory cortexes and Wernicke's area, what does the temporal lobe do? |
|
Definition
| integrates and coordinates neuronal processes that influence our recognition and identification of objects |
|
|
Term
| when you hear someone talk, where does that project? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when you smell something, where does that project? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what lobe is involved with recognition of objects, faces, common things? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are association cortices? |
|
Definition
| regions of the cerebral cortex not involved with sensory or motor processing |
|
|
Term
| what types of processing are association cortices involved with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are some examples of cognitive processes |
|
Definition
| likes, dislikes, fears, jealousies, anger, happiness: the things that make us human |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the comprehension and communication of abstract ideas |
|
|
Term
| what is the name of the motor speech area |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what lobe houses Broca's area |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what parts of speech depend on Broca's area |
|
Definition
| The ability to think the right words; translating one's thoughts into speech; assembling words into meaninginful sentences |
|
|
Term
| which hemisphere of the brain contains Broca's area |
|
Definition
| in the left hemisphere in 90% of people |
|
|
Term
| what is the language comprehension center? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what aspect of language depends on Wernicke's area |
|
Definition
| the ability to comprehend language |
|
|
Term
| where in the temporal lobe is Wernicke's area? |
|
Definition
| posterior, superior part of temporal lobe |
|
|
Term
| is Wernicke's usually in the left or right hemisphere? |
|
Definition
| in the left hemisphere in 90% of people |
|
|
Term
| what is the arcuate fasciculus? |
|
Definition
| axonal pathway that connect the speech comprehension area (Wernicke's) to the speech production area (Broca's) |
|
|
Term
| what kind of axon fibers are in the arcuate fasciculus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loss or impairment of language function as a result of brain damage |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 most common aphasias |
|
Definition
| Broca's aphasia, Wernicke's aphasia, global aphasia |
|
|
Term
| what causes the different aphasias |
|
Definition
| lesions to the specific regions of the brain |
|
|
Term
| what is another term for Broca's aphasa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes Broca's aphasia |
|
Definition
| lesion/stroke to Broca's area of the frontal lobe |
|
|
Term
| what are the Brodmann's areas of Broca's area? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does Broca's aphasia often go along with? |
|
Definition
| hemiplegia caused by damage to adjacent motor cortex |
|
|
Term
| can someone with Broca's aphasia comprehend spoken language normally? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the result of Broca's aphasia |
|
Definition
| Can't express what they want to say. Fluency is impaired. Difficulty naming simple objects. Ability to repeat simple phrases is impaired. |
|
|
Term
| are patients with Broca's aphasia aware of their deficit? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if someone with broca's aphasia sees a quarter on the table, what happens? |
|
Definition
| they know what it is, but it's hard for them to put syllables together. They can't say the name. It's frustrating. |
|
|
Term
| does domeone with Broca's aphasia have difficulty with writing |
|
Definition
| yes; they might write the 2nd syllable before the 1st syllable |
|
|
Term
| how does Broca's aphasia affect deaf people? |
|
Definition
| they have difficulty signing |
|
|
Term
| what is the Brodmann's area of the primary motor cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are Brodmann's areas |
|
Definition
| histologically and functionally similar areas of the brain |
|
|
Term
| what is another term for Wernicke's aphasia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What Brodmann's area is Wernicke's area? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is hemiplegia associated with Wernicke's aphasia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe what happens to someone with Wernicke's aphasia |
|
Definition
| speak with normal grammar, syntax, rate, intonation, and stress, but their language content is correct. Speech is fluent but comprehension is impaired. Nonsensical words are often used and speech may be circumlocatory (wordy but meaningless.) |
|
|
Term
| are patients with Wernicke's aphasia aware of their deficit? |
|
Definition
| they are unconcerned or unaware |
|
|
Term
| what other problem sometimes happens along with Wernicke's aphasai because of its proximity in the brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes global aphasia |
|
Definition
| large lesions affect both Broca's and Wernicke's along with the interconnecting arcuate fasciculus |
|
|
Term
| what is impared in global aphasia? |
|
Definition
| comprehension, fluency, and repetition |
|
|
Term
| Can Broca's and Wernicke's aphasias ever be improved? |
|
Definition
| yes, after swelling goes down and with speech therapy |
|
|
Term
| what is the basal ganglia |
|
Definition
| important nuclei deep within the cerebral hemispheres that modulate motor control |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 major nuclei of the basal ganglia? |
|
Definition
| caudate, putamen, globus pallidus |
|
|
Term
| what do the basal ganglia do? |
|
Definition
| supervise motor movements of the eyes, trunks, and limbs (posture and voluntary movements) by regulating upper motor neurons |
|
|
Term
| what do the basal ganglia supervise? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the shape of the caudate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what courses between the caudate and the putamen nuclei? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the internal capsule |
|
Definition
| axonal pathway between spinal cord and brain |
|
|
Term
| what types of fibers are the axons that go through the internal capsule? |
|
Definition
| projection: they go from brain to spinal cord and from spinal cord to brain |
|
|
Term
| what are 2 diseases of the basal ganglia? |
|
Definition
| huntington's, parkinson's |
|
|
Term
| what happens with huntington's disease? |
|
Definition
| involuntary movements due to atrophy of the caudate and putamen nuclei. The loss of the supervision of motor control means you can't stop moving |
|
|
Term
| how do you get huntington's disease |
|
Definition
| autosomal inherited disease |
|
|
Term
| is huntington's disease fatal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens in parkinson's disease |
|
Definition
| loss of dopamine neurons that innervate the caudate and putamen causes too much supervision of motor control. Become locked in, can't move. |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for basal ganglia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are some symptoms of parkinson's |
|
Definition
| resting tremor (pill rolling hand movements), bradykinesia, rigidity, difficulty with balance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in what lobe are the hippocampus and amygdala? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the major function of the hippocampus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do the amygdala and hypothalamus help coordinate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the deepest region of the brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 parts of the diencephalon |
|
Definition
| thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus |
|
|
Term
| what is the thalamus/what does it do? |
|
Definition
| major relay center: processes sensory information and regulates motor control |
|
|
Term
| what is the hypothalamus/what does it di? |
|
Definition
| key control center for the autonomic nervous system: regulates reproductive and homeostasis functions (hunger, body temperature, water balance) |
|
|
Term
| what is the epithalamus/what does it do? |
|
Definition
| pineal gland. Circadian rhythm, light/dark cycles |
|
|
Term
| what is the subthalamus involved in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the diencephalon surround |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what part of brain does sensory information enter before going to other parts of the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what part of the brain does motor information go to before leaving the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what gland is hypothalamus connected to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how are the thalamus and the cerebral cortex linked? |
|
Definition
| closely linked both anatomically and functionally via projection fibers |
|
|
Term
| what is the shaple of the thalamus |
|
Definition
| egg-shaped/buffalo-shaped/somewhat C shaped |
|
|
Term
| is the thalamus white or gray matter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the thalamus surround? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is in the anterior, medial, and lateral parts of the thalamus? |
|
Definition
| numerous nuclei that relay sensory information to other brain regions |
|
|
Term
| what is in the posterior aspect of the thalamus? |
|
Definition
| medial and lateral geniculate bodies |
|
|
Term
| what is another term for the posterior portion of the thalamus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| to what parts of the thalamus does a lot of the sensory information of our body go? |
|
Definition
| ventral posteromedial and ventral posterolateral nuclei |
|
|
Term
| what does the cerebral aqueduct go through to get from the 3rd to 4th ventricle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what cranial nerves originate in the midbrain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are the cerebral peduncles? |
|
Definition
| lateral sides of the midbrain |
|
|
Term
| what are the cerebral peduncles? |
|
Definition
| axon fiber tracts that go from cortex to spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| where are the superior and inferior colliculi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what kind of stimuli do the superior and inferior colliculi respond to? |
|
Definition
| visual and auditory stimuli |
|
|
Term
| where is the substantia nigra? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the substantia nigra do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is dopamine important for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the oculomotor complex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what makes up the oculomotor complex |
|
Definition
| oculomotor nuclei and Edinger Westphal nuclei |
|
|
Term
| what are the names of the cranial nerves that originate in the midbrain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rubrospinal tract origination (an upper motor neuron tract) |
|
|
Term
| where is the red nucleus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what kind of fibers are in the cerebral peduncles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do the cerebral peduncles continue as into the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the colliculi collectively referred to as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what types of projection fibers go through the internal capsule/ |
|
Definition
| ascending fibers come up to sensory cortex; descending fibers go to the spinal cord and brainstem |
|
|
Term
| where do ascending fibers going through internal capsule go to? |
|
Definition
| primary sensory cortex in the postcentral gyrus |
|
|
Term
| what are 2 other names for the descending motor fibers that go through the internal capsule to the spinal cord and brainstem? |
|
Definition
| corticospinal tracts; upper motor neurons |
|
|
Term
| what does the internal capsule go between |
|
Definition
| caudate and putamen AND basal ganglia and thalamus |
|
|
Term
| what cranial nerves originate in the pons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the names of the cranial nerves that originate in the pons? |
|
Definition
| trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibular |
|
|
Term
| what types of fibers go through the pons? |
|
Definition
| projection (ascending and descending) |
|
|
Term
| what cranial nerves originate in the medulla oblongata? |
|
Definition
| part of 5,part of 8, 9, 10, 12 |
|
|
Term
| what are the names of the cranial nerves that originate in the medulla oblongata? |
|
Definition
| trigeminal, vestibular, glossopharyngeal, vagus, hypoglossal |
|
|
Term
| what part of the vagus nerve originates in the medulla? |
|
Definition
| dorsal motor nuclei of vagus |
|
|
Term
| what part of the trigeminal nerve originates in the medulla? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are the solitary nuclei? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| motor projection fibers = upper motor neurons = corticospinal tracts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| important relay nuclei that project to the cerebellum |
|
|
Term
| what is the cerebellum important for? |
|
Definition
| coordination: helps to organize our movements |
|
|
Term
| how many hemispheres in the cerebellum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what connects the hemispheres of the cerebellum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| essential function of thte cerebellum |
|
Definition
| coordination of all voluntary muscle activity |
|
|
Term
| what else does the cerebellum do |
|
Definition
| harmonize muscle tone and maintain normal body posture and equilibrium; filters errors in motor movements/uncoordinated movements |
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 major nuclei within the cerebellum |
|
Definition
| fastigial nucleus; interposed nuclei (2); dentate nucleus |
|
|
Term
| what do the deep nuclei of the cerebellum do? |
|
Definition
| integrate information within the cerebellum and project UMNs throughout the cortex and brainstem to help harmonize and coordinate motor movements |
|
|
Term
| If I damage the left side of my brain, what side of my body is affected? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if I damage the left side of my cerebellum what side of my body is affected? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lesions on one side of the cerebellum affect what side of the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the symptoms of cerebellar disease? |
|
Definition
| hypotonia, action tremor, ataxia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loss of normal muscle tone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tremors with fine movements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| clumsy or uncoordinated gait alterations |
|
|
Term
| what comes up through the solitary nucleus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in what general region of the brain are most cranial nerve nuclei found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| for what is the brainstem a thruway? |
|
Definition
| ascending sensory and descending motor tracts |
|
|
Term
| describe vascularity of brainstem |
|
Definition
| many important things in a small volume area; restricted vascular supply |
|
|
Term
| are motor nuclei medial or lateral in the brainstem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are sensory cranial nerve nuclei medial or lateral in the brainstem? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if I get a stroke in the medial side of my brainstem, what cranial nerves do I lose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do internal carotid arteries give rise to in the brain? |
|
Definition
| middle and anterior cerebral arteries |
|
|
Term
| what do the verebral arteries become in the brain? |
|
Definition
| first they form the basilar artery. Basilar artery becomes the posterior cerebral arteries |
|
|
Term
| how are the major arteries of the brain connected |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the anterior cerebral artery vascularize? |
|
Definition
| anterior aspect of the brain along the midline |
|
|
Term
| what does the middle cerebral artery vascularize? |
|
Definition
| lateral sides of the brain |
|
|
Term
| what does the posterior cerebral artery vascularize? |
|
Definition
| the posterior/inferior aspect of the brain and midbrain |
|
|
Term
| what does the anterior cerebral artery course along to supply the midline regions of the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what vascularizes the internal capsule and basal ganglia? |
|
Definition
| lenticulostriatal branches from the middle cerebral artery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| local accumulations of nerve cell bodies found within the peripheral nervous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| collections of nerve cells found within the central nervous system. Nuclei are anatomically discrete and have similar connections and functions |
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Term
| what type of nerve cell bodies reside in the dorsal root ganglia? |
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Definition
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Term
| what type of nerve cell bodies reside in the sympathetic chain? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| collection of peripheral axons enveloped by schwann cells that are bundled together and travel a common route. Nerves are found in the PNS. |
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Term
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Definition
| axons enveloped by oligodendrocytes and bundled together in the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| an accumulation of cell bodies found within the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| why is white matter white? |
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Definition
| axon tracts are myelinated |
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Term
| are nuclei white or gray? |
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Definition
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Term
| are fasciculas white or gray? |
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Definition
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Term
| is the cortex white or gray? |
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Definition
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Term
| are nerves white or gray? |
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Definition
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Term
| are axon tracts white or gray? |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens at the dorsal horn of the spinal cord? |
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Definition
| dorsal horn receives sensory/afferent information that enters the spinal cord via the dorsal roots of spinal nerves |
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Term
| what things are at the ventral horn of the spinal cord? |
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Definition
| cell bodies of lower motor neurons |
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Term
| where do the LMN axons from ventral horn go? |
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Definition
| out the ventral root to striated muscle |
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Term
| what are the parts of the gray matter in the spinal cord |
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Definition
| dorsal horn, ventral horn, lateral horn |
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Term
| what parts of the spinal cord have lateral horns? |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens in the lateral horn? |
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Definition
| preganglionic visceral motor neurons project to sympathetic ganglia |
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Term
| what is the white matter of the spinal cord divided into? |
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Definition
| 4 columns: dorsal, lateral, ventral-lateral, ventral |
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Term
| what are the dorsal columns |
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Definition
| carry ascending sensory information from somatic receptors (touch, pressure) |
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Term
| what kinds of information travels in the dorsal columns? |
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Definition
| ascending sensory: touch, pressure |
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Term
| purpose of lateral columns |
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Definition
| conveys descending motor axons/UMNs that travel from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord |
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Term
| what is another name for Upper Motor Neurons |
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Definition
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Term
| function of ventral-lateral columns |
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Definition
| carry ascending sensiory information concerning pain and temperature |
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Term
| function of ventral columns |
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Definition
| also convey descending motor information from the cortex (UMNs) |
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Term
| where does mechanical sensory information travel to go up to the brain |
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Definition
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Term
| where do upper motor neurons travel in the spinal cord |
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Definition
| lateral columns and ventral columns |
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Term
| where do pain and temperature travel as they go up into your brain |
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Definition
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Term
| are dorsal horns sensory or motor? |
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Definition
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Term
| are ventral horns sensory or motor |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the spinal cord commissure |
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Definition
| connection between the gray matter across the middle of the spinal cord |
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Term
| what vascularizes the spinal cord? |
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Definition
| branches of the vertebral artery: anterior spinal artery and posterior spinal artery |
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Term
| what vascularizes the anterior 2/3 of the spinal cord |
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Definition
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Term
| what vascularizes the dorsal columns of the spinal cord? |
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Definition
| posterior spinal arteries |
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Term
| what would be lost if a posterior spinal artery is occluded? |
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Definition
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Term
| what would be lost if an anterior spinal artery is occluded? |
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Definition
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