Term
basics of candida albicans
it is part of normal _____
it ______ humans shortly after birth
candida albicans is most common candida species in infections, candida ________ is next in frequency
it is _______, can exist as yeast cells, pseudohyphae and true hyphae |
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Definition
normal flora
colonizes
glabrata
dimorphic |
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Term
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Definition
an outgrowth or beginning of a hyphae that is characteristic of C. albicans;
importance:
germ tubes have a role in pathogenesis--have antigens and proteins on its surface to colonize mucosal cells (in GI, vagina) and plastic surfaces (in hospital) |
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Term
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Definition
| found on C. ablicans, help attachment to RGD amino acid sequence on epithelial extra-cellular matrix |
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Term
| if candida colonizes before normal flora, infants can develop symptoms such as __________ and _______________ |
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Definition
| oral thrush, severe diaper rash |
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Term
| cutaneous candidiasis in adults happens on places such as __________ and ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| two major factors increasing a woman's susceptibility to vaginal-mucosal candidiasis vaginally |
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Definition
her use of antibiotics--which will disrupt the normal flora
pregnancy |
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Term
| other risk factors for mucosal candidiasis in adults (besides pregnancy and antibiotics) |
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Definition
| corticosteroid treatment, diabetes |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by indwelling catheters, can spread to heart--needs to be addressed; most common systemic mycosis----candidiasis |
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Term
| why does chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis occur? |
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Definition
| altered cellular immune response--cellular immune system is not capable of keeping it under control |
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Term
T or F
Pneumocystis jirovecii is only in humans. |
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Definition
T
P jirovecii is only found in humans
P carinii is in animals such as rats |
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Term
Pneumocystis jirovecii is an opportunistic fungus, but it also resembles protozoans.
List two reasons Pneumocystis jirovecii is classified as Fungus. |
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Definition
| Similar morphological features, chitin in the cell well, similar mitochodrial DNA |
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Term
| In what ways does Pneumocystis resemble protozoa |
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Definition
Susceptibility to anti-protozoans and
Non-susceptibility to anti-fungal chemotherapeutic agents |
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Term
| How many sporozoites are found the mature Pneumocystis jirovecii cyst |
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Definition
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Term
| nearly all of us are infected with Pneumocystis jirovecii latent, yet opportunistic pathogens. What is the evidence for this statement. |
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Definition
we have the antibodies for it
it becomes a problem in immunocompromised patients and premature infants |
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Term
| in the clinical manifestation of pneumocystis, alveoli are filled with cells, organisms, fluid and death is caused by _________ |
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Definition
| asphyxia, i.e. unable to breathe |
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Term
systemic mycoses
initially they infect the _______. But they can spread to other organs in a process called ____________ |
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Definition
lung, secondary organ tropism
so lung initially;then secondary organ tropism happens if they become systemic and go through other organs |
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Term
| What are five systemic mycoses |
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Definition
Cryptococcus neoformans
Histoplasma capsulatum
Coccidioides immitis
Blastomyces dermatidis
Paracoccidoides brasiliensis |
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Term
T of F
Systemic mycoses are considered part of the normal flora |
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Definition
False!
They are not part of the normal flora; they are geographical (like Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (brazil)) |
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Term
| Histoplasma capsulatum is found in bats and soil contaminated with _________ |
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Definition
| bat and bird Droppings. high nitrogen content promotes fungus growth |
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Term
In histoplasma capsulatum
spores from the _______
initially infect the _______
they grow in __________ macrophages
can involve the _____________ system
are found in people by the ________________ river
once caused bleeding in the professor's __________ |
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Definition
soil
lungs
phagocytic (picture from lecture of bone marrow phagocytes)
reticulnoendoithelial system (i.e. the mononuclear phagocyte system)
Mississipi
eyes |
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Term
| this fungi is found in the soil of restricted desert-like conditions -- arizona, new mexioo, california san joaquin valley |
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Definition
what is Coccidioides immitis
“Valley Fever” or “Desert Rheumatism”
can be severe if it goes systemic |
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Term
these fungi are large distinct spherules inhaled into the lungs
they contain multiple endospores
they cause multiple skin lesions |
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Definition
| what is coccidioides immitis |
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Term
| Cryptococcus neoformans is found where? |
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Definition
worldwide
in soil contaminated with high Nitrogen content of pigeon and bird-poop (not in the birds themselves) |
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Term
name a systemic mycoses that has a capsule
name a systemic mycoses that doesn't have a capsule |
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Definition
cryptococcus neoformans does have a capsule
the Histoplasma capsulatum doeesn't have a capsule (the name is misleading) |
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Term
along with causing raised skin lesions, cryptococcus neoformans is the most common cause of fungal _____________ and antigens are detected in the _______________
AIDS patients are at higher risk for this |
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Definition
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Term
| blastomyces dermatitidis is found where? |
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Definition
limited
to North America and
parts of Africa.
found in bird poop, but not quite as prevalent as Histoplasma capsulatum
dogs are susceptible
(lungs--then systemic--can cause ugly cutaneous lesions) |
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Term
moving away from systemic mycoses...
how about aspergillosis--where is this found? |
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Definition
ventilation ducts, a potential problem in hospitals (nosocomial infections)
fungus balls in the cavity of a lung, removed surgically
lining the blood vessels
and may even invade brain tissue,
Aspergillus infection in the brain makes a dark spot |
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Term
| Predisposing factors for Zygomycosis |
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Definition
| diabetes, burns, immunosupression |
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Term
T of F
Zygomycosis is abundant in the environment
T or F
Zygomycosis is a serious nosocomial infection.
T or F
Zygomycosis in The blood vessels, eye, central nervous system, nose, sinuses and lungs are the tissues most commonly involved. |
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Definition
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