Term
| What are the three layers of the Gastrointestinal Tract? |
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Definition
- Adventitia (Serosa)
- Muscularis externa
- Submucosa
- Mucosa
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Term
| What are Outgrowths on the GI tract called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are Five examples of the Accessory Organs found off the GI tract? |
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Definition
- Gall Bladder
- Appendix
- Pancreas
- Liver
- Salivary Glands
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Term
|
Definition
| Propulsion of a food bolus through the GI tract |
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Term
| Where does Peristalsis occur? |
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Definition
| Oesophagus, Stomach, Small and Large Intestine |
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Term
| What are the Four divisions of the stomach? |
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Definition
| Cardia, Fundus, Body, Pylorus |
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Term
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Definition
| Folds of the Mucosa and Submucosa which allow for the expansion of the stomach |
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Term
| What are the three properties of Chief Cells? |
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Definition
| Secrete enzymes, Lots of RER, Zymogen granules |
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Term
| What are three properties of Parietal Cells? |
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Definition
| Secrete HCl, Lots of Mitochondria, Microvilli (inserted or outside cells) |
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Term
| How many layers of muscle does the Stomach have? |
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Definition
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Term
| What layer of the mascularis is unique to the stomach? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name of the Sphincter at the base of the stomach, and what layer of muscularis creates it? |
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Definition
| Pyloric Sphincter, Circular muscle layer |
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Term
| Where does the head of the pancreas lie? |
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Definition
| In the 'C' of the duodenum |
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|
Term
| Where does the tail of the Pancreas reach? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Hepatopancreatic Ampulla? |
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Definition
| The point where both the pancreatic and common bile ducts meet |
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Term
| What is the Greater Duodenal Papilla? |
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Definition
| Where the heptopancreatic duct enters into the duodenum |
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Term
| What does the Sphincter of Oddi control? |
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Definition
| The release of substances out of the greater duodenal papilla |
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Term
|
Definition
| A mixture of acid and digested food found in the stomach which moves into the duodenum |
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Term
| How is the pH of the chyme controlled? |
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Definition
| The secretion of pancreatic bicarbonate |
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Term
| What are the leaf-like surface projections on the wall of the small intestine called? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What intestinal wall layer is the Plicae Circulares made from? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are the Villi extensions of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Crypt of Lieberkuhn? |
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Definition
| A gland between Villi which secretes various enzymes |
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|
Term
| Villi have blood vessels and lymphatic vessels running through them, true or false? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the the name of the lymphatic duct that runs through a vili? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are Paneth cells in regards to the small intestinal epithelium? |
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Definition
| Cells which perform secretions |
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|
Term
| Do microvilli have a glycoprotein coat? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the "Brush border"? |
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Definition
| A epithelial surface covered with microvilli, enzymes may attach here |
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Term
| What is the order of structures of the Large Intestine? |
|
Definition
| Ascending colon --> Hepatic flexure --> Transverse colon --> Splenic flexure --> Descending colon --> Sigmoid colon --> Rectum --> Anal canal |
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Term
|
Definition
| Small pouches on the small intestine? |
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|
Term
| What is a Epipoic appendage? |
|
Definition
| A fatty outgrowth on the large intestine |
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|
Term
| What is the Ileocecal Valve? |
|
Definition
| A sphincter that separates the Ilium from the Cecum |
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|
Term
| How many anal sphincter are there? |
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Definition
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Term
| The internal sphincter is smooth/skeletal muscle and has voluntary/involuntray control of bowel movements. It is innervated by parasympathetic/sympathetic nerves. |
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Definition
| Smooth, Involuntary, Parasympathetic |
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Term
| What needs to occur to the internal and external sphincters in order for defication to occur? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the haemorrhoidal plexus? |
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Definition
| Veins in the rectum that are very close to the epithelial membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
| The enlargement of the haemorrhoidal plexus due to too much force being used |
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Term
| What does the function of the fasting motility pattern achieve? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| How long after a meal does the fasting motility pattern occur? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are the three 2 hour cycles that occur in the fasting motility pattern? |
|
Definition
- Inactivity
- Intermittent activity
- Intense activity
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|
Term
| What dictate the Basic Electrical Rhythm (BER) strength? |
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Definition
| Frequency of the rhythm, Nerves and Hormones (strength) |
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|
Term
| What are the three stages of feeding motility? |
|
Definition
- Storage
- Peristalsis
- Segmentation
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Term
| How is storage achieved in the stomach and if the volume of the stomach increases, what happens to the pressure? |
|
Definition
Rugae, Relaxation of smooth muscle
Pressure stays the same |
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Term
| What does Segmentation occur? |
|
Definition
| Mixing substances and increasing exposure to absorptive surfaces |
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Term
| What has reflex control when chewing? |
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Definition
| Strength, Frequency, Side of chewing |
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|
Term
| What are Three functions of Chewing? |
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Definition
| Reduction of food particle size, Tasting, Mixing of food with saliva |
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Term
| What is the difference in the two patterns of peristalsis that occur in the stomach? |
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Definition
| The first hour is gentle while hours 1-5 are intense |
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|
Term
| What are two functions of the Large Intestine? |
|
Definition
| Storage of faeces and the regulation of water and salt in faeces |
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Term
| Does Segmentation occur in the Large Intestine? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is a regular amount of mass movements in the large intestine per day? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
What are the amounts of secretione that occur in:
Salivary Glands
Gastric Glands
Pancreatic Secretions
Small intestine |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What type of cells does serous secretion come from in the saliva? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What does the Sublingual gland secrete? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What two ways is salivary secretion regulated? |
|
Definition
Conscious nervous input
Unconscious nervous input |
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|
Term
| What four components make up gastric secretion? |
|
Definition
| HCl, Mucus, Pepsinogen, Intrinsic factor |
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Term
| What does Instrinsic Factor do? |
|
Definition
| Aids with the absorption of Vitamin B12 in the small intestine |
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|
Term
| How is Pepsinogen activated? |
|
Definition
| Autolytic cleavage and Acid in the gastric secretions |
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|
Term
| How is acid secreted from Parietal cells? |
|
Definition
| By the use of the H+ - K+ pump |
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Term
| Explain how the H+ - K+ pump in parietal cells works. |
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Definition
| K+ on the outside of a cell is pumped into a cell while H+ is pumped out of a cell. An ATP is used in this process |
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|
Term
| What are the three phases of Gastric Secretion? |
|
Definition
- Cephalic
- Gastric
- Intestinal
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|
Term
| What is the Entric Nervous System? |
|
Definition
| A localised nervous system to the GI tract |
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|
Term
| During the Cephalic phase, what does the Enteric nervous system stimulate? |
|
Definition
| Parietal cell secretion and gastrin production |
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|
Term
| What do GIP, CCK and Secretin do? |
|
Definition
| Inhibit Gastric secretions |
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|
Term
| What are the two main components of pancreatic secretions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is Bicarbonate produced in the pancreas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Vagovagal Gasastropancreatic reflex? |
|
Definition
| Stimulates pancreatic secretion |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stimulates the release of bile from the gall bladder |
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|
Term
| What cells are enzymes attached to that help with contact digestion? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What carbohydrate cannot be digested by humans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many amino acids are essential from the diet? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the enzymes involved in the breakdown of proteins? |
|
Definition
| Typsin and Chymotripsin --> Polypeptides and Proteases |
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|
Term
| What are the Four stages of Lipid digestion? |
|
Definition
| Emulsification, Stabilisation, Digestion, Formation of micelles |
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|
Term
| Describe the Emulsification stage of lipid digestion |
|
Definition
| Motility breaks the droplets into smaller droplets, increasing surface area |
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|
Term
| Explain the digestion stage of lipid digestion |
|
Definition
| Involves lipase and a cofactor secreted by the pancreas. This converts triglycerides to monoglycerides and free fatty acids |
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|
Term
| What substances are absorbed in the Mouth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are four factors that would affect absorption? |
|
Definition
| Motility, Surface area, Passage across available surface and removal of substance from the interstitial space |
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|
Term
| What are the two pathways that substances may be absorbed across an epithelium? |
|
Definition
| Paracellular and Cellular |
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|
Term
| How do molecules pass through the Paracellular pathway? |
|
Definition
| Molecules pass through tight junctions between cells with a concentration gradient |
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|
Term
Is water absorption active or passive?
Explain how it occurs |
|
Definition
| Passive, an osmotic gradient is set up by the conentrations of salts and other nutrients |
|
|
Term
| Describe the four ways Na+ are transported |
|
Definition
- Paracellular
- Na+ alone
- Na+ coupled to glucose
- Na+ couple to amino acids
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|
|
Term
| What does the SGLT-1 coupled transporter and is it Symport or Antiport? |
|
Definition
| It transports glucose from the intestinal lumen into the epithelium. It is an example of Symport transport |
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|
Term
| How are lipids transported into the cell? |
|
Definition
| These are delivered to the brush border in micelles where they diffuse across the membrane into the cell |
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|
Term
| How are transported out of the cells and where are they initially transported to? |
|
Definition
| As TAGs in chylomicrons, they are initially transported to the lacteals |
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|
Term
| What mineral up-regulates the absorption of Calcium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mineral that enhances iron absorption? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A double layer of peritoneal membrane which attaches the body wall to organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A double layer of peritoneal membrane which attaches organs to other organs |
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|
Term
| The Celiac trunk supplies which region of the GI tract, Foregut, Midguy or Hindgut? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The Superior Mesenteric artery supplies which region of the GI tract, Foregut, Midgut or Hindgut? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The Celiac trunk supplies which region of the GI tract, Foregut, Midgut or Hindgut? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What constitutes Foregut? |
|
Definition
| Stomach, duodenum, liver, gall bladder, spleen |
|
|
Term
| What constitutes the Midgut? |
|
Definition
| Small and large intestines |
|
|
Term
| What constitutes the Hindgut? |
|
Definition
| Large intestine and rectum |
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