Term
!KUNG Women Birthing Tradition |
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Definition
"When a child hits fist inside the womb"
Expecting mother leaves the village alone,
Then she prepares a cushion of leaves below her as she leans against a tree trunk and gives birth
Sound of baby cries attract people from the village |
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Term
The Ache and Bari
Birthing Traditions |
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Definition
View conception as a process, not an event
Father who had sex with mother near the time of conception are believed to be fathers, nevertheless, the Ache also recognize the partial paternity of any man who engages in intercourse with her
Two types of fathers: Real- sperm donor and Secondary- all men who had intercourse with her at that time
Child birth is a public event that is witnessed by everyone in the band, or village
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Term
Austrialian Aborigines
Conception
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Definition
Traditonal Austrialians believe sex as incidental reproduction, man encounter spirit child in a dream and directs it to his wife, sexual intercourse mat help prepare the way for the child to be concieved, main element is MAN RIECTS CHILD IN DREAMLAND
One man, Broome District: accepted a child born to his wife during their 5 year separation because he had met with a spirit-child in a dream
If father leaves bc of infirtility, the mother is forced to locate REAL father
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Term
People of New Guinea
Theory of Conception |
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Definition
Chimbu: Believe conception is a result of successive acts of copulation, if pregnancy follows after one act she is suspected of having sex with others
Kutubu: believe in differential contributions by men and women to the fetus. Th flesh and soft parts are formed by marternal blood and the hard white parts formed by paternal semen |
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Term
The Bari and Ache People
Terms:
Primary and Secondary Father |
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Definition
Primary Fathers: Had sex with childs mother 1 months before her first missed period.
Secondary Fathers: Had sex with childs mother during pregnancy. |
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Term
Trobriand Islanders
Theory of Conception |
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Definition
Malinowski reported that ISlanders did not know the connection between sex and reproduction
A woman concieves when a waiwaiai (spirit child) brought by a Baloma (unnamed matrilineal ancestor spirit), enters her body. Men are not thought to play any part in conception
Weiner couldnt fined any Trobrianders who still believed this- EXCEPT found women would claim virgin births to hide wrong doings |
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Term
The Common Signs of Bad Omens |
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Definition
(1) Breech Birth
(2) Natal Teeth
(3) Red Hair
(4) Multiple Births
(5) Upper Teeth Erupt First |
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Term
Justifications for Infantcide |
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Definition
Ache People: 12% of infants died before 1st birthday
!KUNG (southern African hunter-gatherers) 15% infant mortality rate
Baby is unlikely to survive
Baby threatens older siblings survival
Twins
Not of desired gender
Traits of abnormalty
Signs present of bad omens |
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Term
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Definition
86% of societies postpone full human identity untiul some postpartum milestone or ritual occurs- at this point the child is named
China: new birth not celebrated until the baby is one month old
Bemba (central Africa): the "taking of the child" by the parents occurs at 4 months
Ayoreo (Bolivia): No child is considered completely human until he can walk
Jewish Tradition: the bris milah takes place on the 8th day after birth, establishes a covenant between body and soul
Zoroastrians: a lamp of ghee is lit at end of 5th and 7th months of pregnancy- after birth it is lit for 3 days |
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Term
Coming-of-Age Rituals
(Examples) |
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Definition
Africa: Circumcision, selusion and isolation- initiates learn rules of being a man
Passtoral Maasai of Kenya circumcisw together all men born during the four year period- creates and age set that has specific name- helps identify relative age
Amish practice Rumspringa
Sambia go through 6 stages: separation, and others involving marriage and fatherhood |
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Term
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Definition
The First Stage in Rite of Passage
Individual leaves the stage they had occupied and prepares to enter a new one
Taken out of the ordinary setting in which everyday activities are conducted and enter into a separate ritual setting |
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Term
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Definition
Second Stage in Rite of Passage
Also called Transition or Margin
From the Latin Work Limen (Threshold)
Between stages, occupying neither
Neither dead or alive, can be called Invisible |
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Term
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Definition
Third Stage of Rite of Passage:
Also called Aggregation or Incorportaion.
In this phase- participants are brought back into normal social life, and new status- may have new rules |
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Term
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Definition
Rituals which accompany every change of place, state, social position and age- occur in all societies, especially traditional small-scare societies
Status: any position in a society that can be filled by an individual- occupy stage wihtin category. Ascribed Status- Age, Gender, Race and Achieved Status- Education, Profession, Marital Status |
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Term
Methods of Interactiong with the Supernatural |
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Definition
(1) Prayer (Most common, simplist, asking for help
(2) Physiological Experience (altered states 90%)
Wade Davis: nots that 120 hallucinogenic plants have been identified worldwide
Yanomamo absorb ABENE through nasal passages |
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Term
Causes & Consequences of Kuru among the Fore |
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Definition
The Fore: Enemies of the Samba, Horticulturalists, practiced endocannibalism- consuming bodies of their dead, in the mid 20th century, began to exhibit a deteriorative neurological disease;
KURU: Fatal disease involving loss of motor control- takes 9 months to die, about 2,500 people died between 1957 and 1968 - mostly adult women and children of both sexes
Blamed KURU on Sorcery, medically we know it is a prion disease: abnormal proteins that misfold, causing deterioration of brain tissue- Very hard to destory, can cross species
Other Prion Diseases: Scrapie, Bovine, and Jakob Disease- can cross spevies-- often by eating the brains of infected individuals
New adoption, and men got best cuts, leaving the women with undesirable parts- the brains and organs
Cannablism stopped in 1940's, Kuru deaths peaked in 1960's, even today some elderly individuals get it
Decline matched the time they started EVIL SORCERY, so they feel their explanation/solution was sufficient
Gadjusek: arranged for 56 Sambia boys to study in US, then later found guilty of child molestation and served a year in prison |
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Term
Differential Kinds of Cannabilism
Anthropophagy |
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Definition
Anthropophagy: a.k.a Cannablism
Two Kinds:
(1) Survival: i,e, Donner Party "Alive"- necessary for nutrition
(2) Ritual: Endocannabalism (eating memvers of own group) and Exocannibalism (eating members of other groups) Nutrition is NOT the main purpose
i.e. Yanomamo: Endocannibalism: cremate the deceased, then boil the ashes with plaintains to make soup. Men killed in battle- only women drink ashes, on the eve of a revenge raid
i.e. Wari of Brazil: practiced both types, enemies considered no different than animals, shown no mercy, Endo is considered sign of respect- barbaric to bury body in the ground, deceased often eaten by in-law kin but never by blood. Cannablism to Wari helps reinforce the relationshikp between them and the animals they are dependent on for food |
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Term
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Definition
Zoroastrians: early monotheistic religion, founded by Zoroaster about 8,000 years ago in Persia (modern Iran)- still exists today
Disposed of their dead by putting the bodies on scaffolding in a Tower of Silence to be consumed by carnivorous birds
Parsees: Zoroastrian Community in India, name is "corruption of Persian", A Tower of Silence has existed in Bombay since 1673, Local vultures consume dead and they are on the decline- may implement breeding |
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Term
3 Cross-Cultural Methods of Disposing of Bodies
Inhumanation, Cremation, and Excarnation |
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Definition
Examples:
Tlingit of Alaska: must recover the body for reincarnation to occur
Nuba of Sudan: men are circumcised after death- a prerequisite for afterlife
Inhumanation: most common, simple burial- dates back to Neanderthals
Cremation: burning
Excarnation: leaves the bodies out for consumption by scavangers- Tibetans practices Sky Burial- cutting corpse into small pieces, also practiced by Native American Tribes- body placed on wooden scaffold |
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Term
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Definition
Idea of the SOUL: the noncorporeal, spiritual component of an individual
Some cultures have no afterlife, but reincarnation
All cultures: observe rituals at death, arrange for disposal of body, and other specifics vary widely |
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Term
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Definition
Animism: Belief in invisible spiritual beings
Olympian Religions: the priesthood, like the state, is hierachially and bureaurocratically organized
i.e. Some Priets have more authority are more imporant
Polytheistic: many gods - Pantheon of Gods, gods are powerful and anthropomohpic (human-like) Includes: Ancient Greece/Rome, Aztecs, India (Hindu), plus several African and Asian kingdoms |
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Term
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Definition
Impossible to be sure
60,000 years ago: earliest burials of Neanderthals
30,000 years ago: earliest art- may have been religious, indicated symbolic thought, Venus Figurines found |
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Term
Malinowski: Trobriand Islanders |
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Definition
In the 1920's, he addressed the role of Magic in Primitive Societies
Reacted bc belief was being spread that savages resort to magic because they are incapable of rational thought
Kiriwina Islands- New Guinea: Horticulrualists, Fishing is Important, Matrilineal system
- He found they were in fact often logical and empirical
- They understand hard work, and costs and benefits
- Very hazardous parts of their live which involve rational though: open sea fishing, ship building, garden growing
- In cases where success or failure is perceived as being out of their control, they use magic to try and tilt the odds in their favor- reveals anxiety in face of uncertainty
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Term
Magic; Religion & Healing
(Examples) |
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Definition
Cross-Cultural study of 139 societies: all but two had the belief that god or spirits could cause illness
In 56 societiesm gods or spirits were seen as the major cause of illness
In major socieites, sorcery is valid explanation of illness (I.E. death of big man in Ongkas Big Moka)
South African study revealed 11% thought AIDS was bc of sorcery and another 21% were unsure
MAGIC: Illusion & Fantasy- we recognize them as not real but many trust them as manupulations of supernatural for good or evil |
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Term
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Definition
Shamans: Part-time religious figures who mediate between people and supernatural beings and forces- usually male but not exclusively, Shamanic religions are associated with Foragers, have fairly high status, often involved in healing, NOT hierarchial, Egalitarian Societies tend to have equal religions, Shamans get blaimed for mishaps and can lose followers
Priests: Full-time male specialists who officiate at public events, have very high social status, sometimes obtain status through inheritance or political appointment, More book-based and literal than Shamans, Reliance on memorized rituals, nothing is ever priests fault
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Term
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Definition
Religion is Universal
Beliefs vary across cultures
Religion: Any set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices pretaining to supernatural power
Supernatural: Powers believed to be non hukman and/or not subject to the laws of nature
i.e. Illness and Death can vary across cultures as viewing it as natural or supernatural magic |
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Term
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Definition
Kratz- Female Genital Modification
Survey in Chad showed Women favored 68.5% and men supported only 63% Study found that women are repulsed by it but feels it is a cultural tradition
- Sunna Circumcision: reduces the size of the clit by cutting off part of the prepuce (hood), least severe form, favored by Mohammed
- Clitorectomy: removal of the clit as well as labias, considered an "intermediate" form of FGM, occurs in areas where most extreme forms have been abolished by law
- Pharaonic Circumcision of Infibulation: the clit and labias are surgically removed and infibulation occurs
Infibulation: the vaginal opening is sewer shut, a small opening is kept to allow the passage of urine and menstrual blood, repeatedly unsewn and sewed back up around intercourse and births
Focus on Sudan, Egypt, and Somalia- infibulation is common, occurs in Christian areas- not Islamic, it is 2,000 years old and found on Egyptian mummies
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Term
Patriarchy & Violence
i.e. The Simbu of New Guinea |
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Definition
Marriage creates individual ties and obligations outside of clan which are not wholly voluntary, various points of life cycle payments are obigatory
Marriage patterns have changed to "luv marriages" and no longer exchange wives because of introduction of Western trade goods- no longer need to travel, or foster trade relationships
Fewer Kinship in neighboring villages led to increased warfare
Points out importance of Kinship and Marriage in putting social "brakes" on violent behavior and containing peace
Podolefsky's reading:
"Mul residents trace kinship throuh males, and their social links are patrilineal. Hierarchial segments link themselves as father/son, while parallel segments are seen as brothers. "
In Albania, men are given a bullet at their wedding, to symbolize their dominance over their wives
Violence against women is associated with low status for women, which is more common in patrilinean/patrilocal societies
U.S. & Pakistan: Majority of women killed are murdered by husbands |
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Term
Horticulture Matriarchies |
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Definition
Horticulturists as Matrilineal and Matrilocal
Men are dispersed
Women have more control over inheritence/use of resources, political positions, ect
Social identity is traced through matriarch
Local warfare was uncommon |
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Term
Gender & Subsistence Patterns
(Foragers) |
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Definition
Men hunt and women gather - relatively little gender stratification
Stratification is most prominent when men contribvute much more to the diet than women
Often classified as "bands"
I.E- The Inuit |
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Term
Gender Stratification
Domestic/Public Dichotomy |
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Definition
Gender Strat: linked to the strength of the domestic/public dichotomy- a.k.a the private/public contrast
Doesn't necessarily mean Gender Inequality- simply different task performances and expectations
"Public" work: politics, trade, warfare, or paid work- have greater prestige than domestic ones
*Greater Stratification when Domestic and Public spheres are clearly separated |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
4 Types of Kinship Systems |
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Definition
- Eskimo System: All cousins lumped together, Aunts/Uncles called by same gender specific name but are distinguished from mom and dad, Members of nuclear family have unique names that are not used for any others
- Hawaiian System: Least complect of the 4, all males are "dad" all females are "mom", Brothers and Male cousins/Sister and female cousins lumped together, Found in Polynesia, associated with AMBILINEAL DESCENT
- Sudanese System: Most complicated, does not lump any together, each category is distinct, Found in Sudan, Turkey, and other Patrilineal Descent and Socially Complex Societies
- Native American Systems: (1) Omaha System- patrilineal, (2) Crow System- mirror of Omaha, and (3) Iroquois System- found in patri and matrilineal systems
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Term
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Definition
* The Yanomamo are very adept at placing their neighbors into the appropriate kin category- Men use the term "wife" to refer to female cross cousins and "brother-in-law" to refer to male cross cousins
Patterning of use of terms varies across cultures |
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Term
Cross Cousins
Parallel Cousins |
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Definition
Cross: Children of my parents opposite sex siblings (Clint, Sam)
Parallel: Children of my parents same sex siblings (Kristin, Court, Shauna)
*It matters in some socieites because parallel cousins are in the same descent group- making them kin and marriage is incestuous
*Cross cousins are in a different descent group- and thus are not kin and can marry |
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Term
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Definition
Bands: Small kin-based groups, foragers- nuclear families that live and rely on eachother, fairly egalitarian, fluid
Tribes: Associated with Horticulture and Pastoralism, villages and descent groups- not fluid, can be kinship based or non kin based linkages
Chiefdoms: Unlike bands or tribes, characterized by permanent political regulation of territory, control large area, permanent political offices, no longer egalitarian, differential access is tied to kinships- special treatment
States: A form of sociopolitical organization based on a formal government structure and socioeconomic stratification, Kinship no longer very imporant- people owe allegiances to the state, no to their kin |
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Term
4 Kinds of Descent Groups |
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Definition
- Patrilineal Descent: reckoned through male line, brothers & sisters belong to fathers patrilineage and to his fathers, female ancestors do not count, daughters called "dead ends", most common form found in 2/3 of cultures
- Matrilineal Descent: reckoned through female line, male ancestors do not count, NOT MATRIARCHS, women do not hold dominat political power, often a mans "heirs" are his sisters children, not his own
- Ambilineal Descent: Not a unilineal system, some groups affiliate kin through both male and female ancestors- Double Descent
Unilineal Descent System: one direct ancestor in each generation Bilateral Descent: Many societies dont have lineal descent- dont trace kinship groups from a common ancestor, both sides are equally imporant (United States)
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Term
5 Patterns of Post-Marital Residence |
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Definition
- Neolocal Residence: Son and Daughter leave to start new home- US system of living
- Patrilocal Residence: (Virilocal) Son stays at home and daughter moves in with in-laws 67% of all societies: Asia, India, Middle East, Austrailia, and Europe. Sometimes girls move FAR away
- Matrilocal Residence: (Uxorilocal) Daughter stays home and son comes to live with her damily. Men don't usualy move very far away
- Bilocal Residence: Married adults live with or near their parents, depending on circumstances- 7% of societies and found in Hunter & Gatherer cultures
- Avunculocal Residence: Married adults live with husbands mothers brother (Maternal Uncle)- 5% of socieites. Found in Americas and Africa
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Term
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Definition
Stealing a bride, grabbing her off the street literally
Found in:
Ethiopia
Kyrgystan
Yanamamo- Horticulturists in Brazil
Nepal- Ritualistic Bride Capture |
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Term
Arranged Marriage
(Examples) |
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Definition
Betrothal may take place when spouses are children, or before birth, and often the spouses do not meet until they marry
Occur when the joining together of two kin groups to form new social and economic ties is SO IMPORTANT that it CANNOT BE LEFT to free choice or romantic love
Occurs in India, China, Japan, and eastern & souther Europe
India: prospective families may connect through newspaper advertisements, then meet on nuetral ground |
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Term
Exchange of Females
(Examples) |
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Definition
In some societies, a female relative of the groom is married into the brides family
Each lineage loses a daughter, but gains a daughter-in-law
Most common amoung: Egalitarian Horticulture Societies (6% overall) |
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Term
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Definition
Gifts of equal value are exchanged by the two kin groups that are to be linked by marriage
Found in 11% of societies |
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Term
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Definition
Dowry:
- Very expensive exchange for marrying off a daughter
- Still practical in parts of southern and eastern Europe, and India
- Outlawed in India in 1961, Revised in 1986- making it illegal to give or to receive a dowry, but "wedding gifts" can be accepted
- Occurs in cultures where women are perceieved as a burden and have low status
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Term
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Definition
Bride Price:
- Gift of money or goods from the groom to his bride's kin
- Occurs in 59% of traditional socieites
- Grants groom right to marry bride and have kids
- Usuaully a substiantial amount of money
- All over the world, especially Africa and Oceania
- XHOSA of South Africa: bride price is called LOBOLA, traditionally paid in Cattle (7), now- paid in cash or a cattle/cash mixture
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Term
Economic Aspects of Marriage |
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Definition
Most socieites, a marriage invoves not obly the union of spouses, but the ecchange of resources
In a sample of traditional socieites:
12% had no explicit economic transatction at marriage, 88% has one or more explicit transactions,
68% had more than one kind of transaction |
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Term
Incest Taboo
Cousin Marriage |
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Definition
Incest: Most common taboo- parent/offspring and sibling marraiges
Exceptions: The Lakher of Southeast Asia, spanning India and Myanmar- Extreme Patrilineal System
Children of different dads are considered unrelated
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Term
Reasons for Diversity in Marriage Patterns in Tibet |
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Definition
Very harsh ecological niche: high altitudes, very little aravle land for crops
42.7% monogamy, 5.6% Polygyny, and 51.7% Polyandry
Practice Formal Polyandry to maintain estates, also need for diversified household economy
If a family has one son- he would be monogmous
If a family had many- they would be Polyandryous
One daughter, no son- Monogomy
Many daughters and no sons- Polyandry and spread out |
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Term
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Definition
Dowry in India:
If dowry is perceieved as insufficient, it may lead to the bride being killed! (Dowry Death)
Most common method: the bride is doused with kerosene and set on fire, often in the kitchen- usually recognized as suicide or accident.
Estimated 500-2500 women die each year
Dowry is less commnon and cheaper in areas where women participate a lot in agriculture and are therefore more essential and useful |
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Term
2 Conditions Favoring Polygyny |
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Definition
Polygyny occurs when either of the two conditions are found:
(1) An imbalanced sex ratio
(2) Late age of marrige for men (Austrial Aboriginal Groups)
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Term
Ethnocentric Examples of Marital Systems and Differentiating Number of Spouses |
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Definition
Monogomy
Polygyny
Polyandry
Group Marriages
Same-Sex Marriage |
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Term
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Definition
Occurred in Ancient Egypt, among the Inca, and among the Hawaiian Royalty
The rulers were "gods" not humans, so they were allowed to break laws against sibling marriage
Cleopatra: Result of 7 generations of brother-sister marraige. Her Brother/Husbands included Ptolemy XIII and Ptolemy XIV |
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Term
Westermarck Hypothesis:
Incest Taboo |
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Definition
All cultures have a prohibition against incest
Culturally Universal, but the details on which relationships are considered incest vary across the map
Westermarck Hypothesis: People are not sexually attracted to people they grow up with- therefore people avoid mating people they know well
Israli Kibbutzim: Children raised on collective farms, but are not closely related despite being encouraged to intermary by their parents, they almost never do
Consanguineous Marriages: Legal First Cousin Marriage |
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Term
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Definition
Most states allow marriages only to be established by statutory procedures (ceremony)
9 states and DC. recognize Common Law Marriage: People are considered married if they agree that they are, they live together, and present themselves as husband and wife
Tradition to prevent abandonment- to provide security for women and children
Oklahoma recognizes ones established before November 1998
5 part test in Oklahoma to clarify common law status- if clear and convincing evidence is lacking- request will be denied. |
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Term
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Definition
The man moves in with his betrotheds family- if a baby is born within a year or so, they are considered married, and the couple moves to the husbands camp |
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Term
4 Ways of Specifying Parents |
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Definition
(1) Mater: Socially recognized mother, the mater is usualy the biological mother as well
(2) Genitor: The biological father
(3) Pater: Socially recognized father, Pater usually has social responsibility for the child
(4) Chuckold: A man raising a baby that is not his
Fatherhood: sperm donor, adoption, infidelity, or genitor |
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Term
6 Rights Conferred by Marriage |
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Definition
Noted by Edmund Leach- 6 Rights that are allocated by marriage in different socieites
- Establish legal father of a women's children
- Give either or both spouses a monopology on sexuality of the other (not hidden)
- Give either or both spouses right to the labor of eachother
- Give " " over the other's property
- Establish a joint fund of property- a partnership- for the benfit of children
- Establish a socially significant Relationship of Affinity between spouses and their relatives (in-laws or Affinal Kin)
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Term
General Features of Marriage |
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Definition
About forming alliances between groups of people
Marriage converts strangers into kin
Exchange of Vows |
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Term
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Definition
1970: 89% of women ages 25-29 had been married at least once
2002: 60% of women " "
2009: the median age at first marriage was 26.5 for women and 28.4 for men
Oklahoma has 3rd lowest median age- women is 24.4 and 2nd lowest for men- 25.7
Overall, 90% of people may by age 45 |
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Term
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Definition
Hispanic: Linguistically based ethnic group (not a race)- covers people from Spain, Spanish speaking countries of Central and South America and the Caribbean (Can be black, white, brown, or any variation)
* 35.3 Million Americans identify as Hispanic
LATINO: Broader category which includes Portuguese speaking people
I.E. A Brazilian born person of Japanese Ancestry (1.6mil) could identify as Latino, even though they appear Asian |
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Term
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Definition
Much of what we call "racial variations" is actually ethnicity, not race
Ethnic Group Members share beliefs, values, habits, customs, and norms
They define themselves by special cultural features: language, religion, historical experience, geographic placement, or race
Ethnicity is SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED |
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Term
Race in the U.S. Consensus |
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Definition
Has been fathering data by race since 1970
*Constitution specified that a slave counted as 3/5's of a white person
*Indians were not counted in 1st Consensus; they were not taxed, very explicit instructions to Consensus enumerators not to count the Indians |
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Term
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Definition
Fluid Concept: historical mixture of Native Americans, African Slaves, and Europeans
No Hyperdescent Rules: Use of over 500 Racial Terms
Ones Racial Category can change over time due to achieved status, developmental biological changes, and other irregular factors
32% of Brazilians identify as Moreno
The multiplicity and overlap to Brazilian race labels allows one individual to be more than one race
Full siblings can belong to different racial groups (If they look different) |
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Term
Jared Diamond:
Alternative Racial Groupings |
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Definition
Lacto Intolerant: Random throughout the world, not realted to race
Fingerprints: Some types are more common in some populations than others
*Arch Race (Central Europeans), Loop Race (Europeans and Africans), and Whorl Race (Mongolians)
*Use of phenotype trats apart from skin color creates very different racial groupings
*None of Diamonds suggestions of racial groupings correlate with each other or with our preconceived racial notions |
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Term
Race in South Africa;
Apartheid |
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Definition
The African National Congress is the dominant political party
Apartheid: Afrikaans word meaning "separateness"
- Strict policy of racial segregation
- Official Government Policy from 1948-1991
- First Non-Racial Election (everybody could vote): 1994 Nelson Mandela Won- ANC Party
- Second Election in 1998: Mandela stepped aside
- Thabo Mbeki won for the ANC
- Jacob Zuma since 2009
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Term
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Definition
Children of Mixed Races are Placed in the Minority Group
I.E. Obama, Halle Barry,
In the past- In parts of the US, one was legally a "negro" if they had one black great-grandparent (7/8s white and 1/8 black- but considered "black") |
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Term
3 Reasons why Race is not Biologically Meaningful |
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Definition
(1) Traits show CLINES: (gradual differences from region to region), there are no sharp lines delineating one group from the next, rather there is a continuous smooth graduation- cant decipher between groups
(2) Different Traits Are Not Correlated With Eachother: Cant build racial categories on one trait- there is more variation WITHIN each race than there is BETWEEN different races.
(3) Using Differnt Traits Results in Vastly Different Groupings: If races are real bio constructs, then using different criteria to define the races should result in roughly the same groupings- but thats not what happens. |
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Term
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Definition
For nonhuman species, RACES refers to VARIETIES or SUPBSPECIES
*What Darwin was referring to in his works
*These subspecies can interbreed (otherwise they would be different species) but they may differ morphologically and behaviorally |
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Term
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Definition
Father of Anthropology
"Context is everything"
Created concepts likfe Cultural Relativism, Primitive, and Barbaric
"Every culture is a unique creation of its history and interactions with other groups" |
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Term
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Definition
The attitude that a society's customs and ideas should be described objectively and understood in the context of that society's problems and opportunities
Scientists constructed "scales", with "more primitive" socieites at the bottom and European societies at the top (most evolved) |
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Term
Extreme Cultural Relativism |
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Definition
Because morality differs in every society, all cultural patterns are equally valid
*Many anthropologists are no longer comfortable with this view
*What about universal human rights? Slavery? Torture? Rape? Genital Mutilation? |
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Term
RACE - Not Simply a Question of Skin Color |
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Definition
If it were, Austrailian Aborigines, New Guinea Highlanders, and People from India would be grouped with Black Afriancs (All very dark, but are from different parts of the World)
In United States, "Race" is based on both skin color and geographical origin |
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Term
RACE:
Scientific Racial Categories |
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Definition
Can we form scientific racial categories?
NO
Skin Color is used because it is convenient an easy to judge, not because it is meaningful
It is a phenotype that is easy to measure |
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Term
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Definition
With humans, has an important POLITICAL dimension
"Race" is often used to justify political or economic discrimination
Racial Classifications are often confounded with RACISM- the belief that some races are innately inferior, or superior, to others |
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Term
RACE
Real Biological Concept |
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Definition
If race is a real biological concept, then you should be able to create scientific racial classifications:
I.E. Phenotypic trait that cluster together
*Should be able to assign races ambiguously
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Term
RACE
Not Biological Meaningful |
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Definition
People can all have children, there is no genetic separation between racial DNA, and 98% of our genomes are identical!
The main point is:
Any biological definition of race is ARBITRARY- you get different racial categories depending on which traits you use
From a scientifict view: Cannot create distinct groups- rather, traits from different populations gradually merge into one another |
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Term
South Africa:
Racial Groups |
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Definition
Codified Race into 4 Distinct Groups:
(1) Whites (European Ancestry - 10%)
(2) African/Black (78%)
(3) Coloured (Mixed White/African Ancestry - 9%)
(4) Asian (Indians, Chinese- but Japanese were considered White - 3%) |
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Term
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Definition
Dominant racial ideology describes the country as racially and ethnically homogeneous- based on presumed biological differences (but like race elsewhere, these clearly defined groups have blurred edges)
10% of population in Japan are minorities of various sorts
*Aboriginial Ainu- original inhabitants
*Annexed Okinawans
* Outcast Burakumin
* Children of mixed marriages
*Immigrant Nationalities (700,000 Koreans) |
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Term
Race Categories in 1800 Consensus |
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Definition
3 Categories:
(1) Free White
(2) Free Colored: African but not slave, mixed with slave/white (Mulatto) , mixed with slave/white/indian, and "melungeon" (had dark skin and white features)
(3) Slaves |
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Term
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Definition
5 Categories:
- White
- Black
- Chinese
- Japanese
- Indian
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Term
1990 Consensus Race Categories |
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Definition
- White
- Black
- American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut
- Asian or Pacific Islander
- Other Race
- Or Separately Asked- Hispanic Origin
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Term
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Definition
People weren't allowed to check multiple race boxes
Very controversial decision
Some social scientists have wanted to add a multiracial category to the census for years
2.3% of the population (7 million) checked more than 1 box anyways |
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Term
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Definition
Nationally, divorce has declined 3.7 per 1,000 people in 2004
Highest: Nevada with 8.5
Oklahoma: Tied for 4th place with 6.0
Lowest: D.C with 2.1 followed by NY with 2.5
About 19 divorces occur per 1,000 marriages per year
*Nationally, about 50% of marriages end in divorce |
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Term
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Definition
In the US, most marriages are preceded by Cohabitation- living together before marraige
About 1/2 of couples who live together will marry within two years
most of the rest will break up |
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Term
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Definition
Socially approved sexual and economic union
Involves reciprocal rights and obligations between the spouses and their children
Male-Female "pair bonds" are uncommon among mammals (only 5% of species)
40% of Primates
90% of Birds |
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Term
Kwoma of New Guinea
(Cooking) |
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Definition
The woman moves into the mans home, his food is prepared by his female kin, after a while, if the mother apprves the match- she will arrange for the woman to cook his food, after he eats, moter tells him that his wife cooked it and now they are married |
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Term
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Definition
Bengali is tied with Aravic as the 5th most widely spoken language in the World
Weddings: 5 days of feasting, formal wedding on 3rd day. Husband and wife do not eat all day until the evening, then tied together with a long scarf, and spend the night awake with relatives |
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Term
Polygyny Terms
Sororal Polygyny
Non-Sororal Polygyny |
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Definition
Sororal: Co-wives are all genetic sisters
Non-Sororal: Co-wives are not sisters (Usually more problematic)
* Tom Green had 29 Children and 6 Wives |
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Term
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Definition
One woman married to several men
(5% of societies)
Fraternal Polyandry is most common (Co-Husbands are also brothers)
Found in traditional Tibetan Populations (No longer practices, found in ethnic Tibetan groups in Nepal and India that still practice)
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Term
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Definition
Determines who friends and allies are, determines who we marry, unlike America, in most countries life revolves around kinship
- Consanguineal Relations (Blood)
- Affinal (In-laws)
- Fictive (God-Parents)
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Term
Descent Groups:
Lineage:
Clan: |
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Definition
Lineage: A descent group with demonstrated descent-members can recite genealogies from the apical ancestor through the present
Clan: A descent group with stipulated descent- members claim they share an apical ancestor but they do not trace the actualy links- may be mythical ancestor |
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Term
Horticulture Patriarchies |
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Definition
Female status is lower
Women are dispersed and men stay together
Associated with scarce resources and high levels of warfare - Male relatives stay together bc they make strong allies in battle
Women isolated from public domain
I.E. Yanomamo |
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Term
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Definition
Gender stratification varies- women often do major food production work and the work is valued
50% of hort societies- women are the primary cultivators
17%: men are primary cultivators
33%: equal contribution to cultivation |
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Term
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Definition
No True Matriarchies: societies ruled by women
Some societies have high female status, low gener stratification, increased female participation in political activities
All societies are Patriarchies and ruled by men to a greater or lesser extent |
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Term
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Definition
Women earn less than men in the US (77 cents to every male dollar)
Woman-headed households are much more likely to be in poverty
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Term
Child Preference:
Son vs. Daughter |
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Definition
Many societies show prefences for males, because daughters are less valued
Sex ratio at birth is biased in favor of males: Globally, about 105 males to 100 female live births
In many socieites, couples will keep having children till they have a son
I.E. in TAIWAN (1973): 55% of couples with 4 sons, no daughters had no more kids, vs. 31% of those with 4 daughters and no sons
Opposing Data in US: Couples with two daughters more likely to have third than couples with two sons |
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Term
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Definition
Practice of FGM became associated with the anti-colonial movement, because FGM was opposed by Christian Missionaries
This, maintaining female circumcision was a way to assert your identity as a Kenyan, and support the anti-colonial movement
Increasingly becoming political issue, framed in terms of human rights |
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Term
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Definition
Paraguay: know they are pregnant when teeth begin to hurt, also- nausea. Childbirth is a camp-wide event, Hill and Hurtado
When labor begins, women is joined by helping women and father is usualy absent
(1) woman who will look after child
(2) male friends to cut umbilical cord
Placenta is burried, baby is held and then washed, new mothers are ignored |
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Term
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Definition
Highest Female Fertility: in 18th entury Russyia the first wife of Fyodor Vassilyev had 69 live births
* She only had 27 pregnancies: 16 pairs of twins, 7 sets of triplets, and 4 sets of quadruplets-
* 67 of them survived infancy
Highest Male Fertility: King Moulay Ismail the Bloodthirty of Morrocco allegedly sired over 800 children by his harem
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