the cell is...

the basic unit of life

the average human body

has how many cells?

over 75 trillian

Prokaryotic is?

Cell structure: no internal membrane

Ex: bacteria 

Eukaryotic is?

Cell structure: internal membrane

Ex: animals, plants, protists, and fungi

Three major parts that make up cells

1. Cell Membrane (aka plasma membrane)
2. Organelles
3. Cytoplasm 

the Cell Membrane is

the dictator of the cell:

determines what goes into or out of cell 

the Cytoplasm is

a gelatin-like material that fills cell

Organelles are

  specialized parts that:

• move around the cell
• perform functions necessary for life 

chloroplasts are  

GREEN 

examples of Organelles are

• Nucleus
• Vacuoles
• Mitochondria

the Nucleus is

a membrane containing cell's hereditary info, controls cell growth & reproduction

contains chromosomes that make up DNA

Nucleus

Vacuoles are

storage containers of the cell

• waste until eliminated
• food until needed
• water (in plants)
  

mitochondria produces

energy for the cell,

through a process called respiration 

Respiration is

a series of chemical rections that

combine food + oxygen = energy and carbon dioxide 

 a cell wall

gives firm shape and support for a plant

 made up of cellulose

organelles for plant cells

chloroplasts

chloroplasts contain ____1____,  which uses

____2____ to make food for the plant cells 

1. chlorophyll
   
2. photosynthesis

during photosynthesis, chloroplasts interact with _1_,  combining

_2_  from the _3_ with the _4_ to make food

1. light energy
2. carbon dioxide
3. air
4. water 

What sugar (food) does photosynthesis produce? 

glucose 

What do plants have that animals don't? 

cell walls and chloroplasts 

Deoxyribonucleic Acid is short for

DNA

DNA has a two components:

1. sugar
2. phosphate

DNA has four bases: 

1. adenine
2. thymine
3. cytosine
4. guanine

Adenine pairs with __1__

Cytosine pairs with __2__ 

1. thymine
2. guanine
   

if a cell has a nucleus, the DNA is in 

chromosomes 

Chromosomes duplicate 

before cell division takes place 

two reasons for cell division: 

1.  replace old or worn-out cells
2. sexual reproduction 

Mitosis... 

takes place when cells are replacing themselves because they are old or worn-out 

Meiosis...

takes place with sex cell formation 

Mitosis breakdown: 

• for cell division
• Nucleus divides once
• Number of cells formed = 2
• Chromosomes in each new cell = 46 

Meiosis breakdown: 

• for sex cell formation
• Nucleus divides twice
• Number of cells formed = 4
• Chromosomes in each new cell = 23

the hydra and eye of a potato are examples of 

a plant and animal that reproduce asexually 

Taxonomy is the

scientific classification to living things

in descending order 

Levels within taxonomy system: 

1. Kingdom
2. Phylum/division
3. class
4. order
5. family
6. genus
7. species 

What are the give kingdoms?

• Monera
• Protista
• Fungi
• Plantae
• Animalia 

One-celled or colony of cells, decomposers and

parasites, move in water, and both

producers and consumers 

Monera

ex: bacteria, blue-green algae 

One-celled or multicelled, absorb food, move with

flagella, both asexual and sexual reproduction,

producers and consumers

Protista

ex: plankton, algae, amoeba, protozoans

One-celled or multicelled, decomposers, parasites,

absorb food, asexual repoduction

and budding, consumers 

Fungi

ex: mushrooms, molds, mildew, yeast, fungi

Multicelled, photosynethsis, mostly producers 

Plantae

ex: angiosperms, gymosperms, mosses, gerns

Multicelled, parasistes, prey, both asexual and

sexual repoduction, consumers 

Animalia

ex: humans, fish, sponges, worms, starfish

Taxonomy (for humans):

Phylum is

Chordates 

Taxonomy (for humans):

 Hominidae 

Producers

 Use outside energy source,

such as sunlight, to produce energy

Consumers

Scientific study of plants 

Botany

Aquatic and terrestrial plants produce 

oxygen 

liverworts, mosses, trees some of the

250,000 species in what kingdom? 

Plantae 

Plants absorb water in two ways:

Gymnosperms (pine trees)

don't produce flowers 

Angiosperms (roses)

Produce flowers

Cotyledon 

the part of the seed that stores food 

Difference between annuals and biennials

Annuals go through their entire life cycle in one season

and biennials have a two-year growing cycle 

Deciduous plants  

lose their leaves in the winter 

Evergreen plants

(pine and evergreen trees)

keep their leaves or needles all year, although

may shed them if they are more than 2 yrs old 

a taproot system 

 one fat or sturdy root, with just a

few branching roots

ex: carrots, raddishes, parsnips 

Fibrous root system

has many branched roots

ex: grasses 

Nodes

are places on the stem where buds form

Internodes 

Spaces between the nodes 

Phloem tubes 

move food from the roots through

the stem to the leaves 

Xylem tubes

move minerals and water 

 


Cambium

main tissue surrounding the tubes in a stem 

Cuticle 

Protective layer on leaves that reduces the

evaporation of water from the plant and helps

protect from disease-causing organisms 

Stomata 

tiny openings on leaves that enable the

plant to take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen 

Guard cells 

cover the stomata openings and regulate the

exchange of water vapor, oxygen, and

carbon dioxide into and out of the stoma 

the Pistil (female) portion of flower includes: 

Stigma captures & holds pollen
Style area between stigma and Ovary 

sugar as a result of photosynthesis is used

immediately by the plant for energy; some stored

as starch; and some is built into a more complex

substance, like plant tissue or cellulose 

Ripened ovary or group of ovaries 

Fruit 

response to gravity is __1___

response to light is ___2___ 

1.  gravitropism
2. phototropism 

about 95 percent of animals are 

invertebrates (no backbone) 

Mollusks 

invertebrates that have a hard shell for protection

and can live in water or on land 

Exoskeletons

inverebrates with tough coatings made of chitin,

have jointed legs and segmented bodies.

this group is known as arthopods 

over 900,000 species 

insects 

All vertebrates are either 

cold-blooded or warm-blooded 

Cold-blooded 

if body temperature follows or matches 

the external temperature around it

ex: fish, amphibians, and reptiles 

Warm-blooded

can control their body temperature;

internal body temperature is stable

regardless of temp outside 

Biosphere 

sum of all places on Earth where life can exist 

 Ecosystem

collection of all living and nonliving features or

conditions in a particular evironment 

study of ecosystems 

Ecology 

Biodiversity

(definition)

variety of life forms that exist 

______ increases as one approaches the equator,

due to the warmer whether 

Biodiversity

(equator relation)

Habitat 

geographic area with conditions that support the

continued reproduction of species; can be big or small 

Global warming 

resulting from sending carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, raising temperatures, and thinning ozone layer which increses UV exposure 

Physiology 

a branch of biology that deals with the parts of the

body, their functions, and the various bodily processes 

Groups of cells arrange themselves into _______

 tissues 

various tissues work together to form _______ 

organs

organs work together to form _____ ______ 

organ systems

list organ systems 

muscular                nervous
skeletal                 encocrine
reproductive                 lymphatic                   
respiratory                 skin or integumentary      
digestive                 circulatory                
                 

muscular system 

allows movement and locomotion, involved in

breathing, your heart beating,

and the working of your digestive system 

skeletal muscles

help move bonds and are attached

by bands of tissue called tendons;

they work in pairs when one

contracts the other relaxes 

skeletal system

living system that provides shape

and support to your body 

protects inner organs and attachment

points for muscles 

made up of bone and cartilage

endoskeleton

trachea, nose, and ears are made up of ________ 

 cartilage

skeleton and muscles function as... 

musculoskeletal system 

calcium and phosphorus

are important components of 

bone 

Osteoblasts

bone-forming cells 

bands of tissues that hold joints

ligaments

three major types of joints

outermost protective layer is.... 

skin or integument

largest organ in your body

skin

functions of skin 

three skin layers

1. epidermis
2. dermis
3. fat 

skin gets its color from...

melanin

epidermis

outer, thinner layer of skin

underneath skin cells are

continually being produced 

 dermis

2nd layer of skin

contains blood vessels, nerves, muscles,

and oil and sweat glands 

fat

3rd layer of skin

where a lot of fat is stored as you gain weight 

takes in oxygen and moves out

waste material of carbon dioxide 

respiratory system

when we breathe in, air enters the body

through the nose, where it is _1_, _2_,

and passed through the _3_ __. 

1. warmed
2. filtered
3. nasal cavity
   

(in order) where air passes: 

1. nasal cavity
2. pharynx
3. larynx
4. bronchi 

building blocks of sugars, and the substances

used by plants in photosynthesis

H2O and Co2:

In photosynthesis, water is split, oxygen is given off as a waste product, and hydrogen is combined with carbon dioxide to form sugars