Term
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Definition
| Herbivory, Carnivory, Parasitism, Parasitoidism, Cannibalism |
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Term
| Give three reasons to study predation? |
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Definition
1.It is the major force in structuring communities
2.Keystone predators
3.Coevolution of predators and prey |
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Term
| Two predictions of Lotka-Volterra predation models? |
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Definition
1.Coexistance
2.Stable limits cycle |
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Term
| 6 Assumptions of the Lotka-Volterra predation model? |
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Definition
1. Predators move randomly amoung a randomly distributed population of prey
2.Every predator prey encounter results in death and consumption of prey
3. Prey exhibits exponential growth in absence of predator
4. All responses of model are instantaneous
5. No model parameters exist to deal with age structure of populations, interaction of prey w/ food supply, or for density dependent mortality of predators
6. predator is not restricted by any limitations other than food supply |
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Term
| Define the life-dinner principle. |
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Definition
| selection will be stronger on the prey than on the predator because a prey individual that loses the race loses its life, whereas the unsuccessful predator loses only a meal. |
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Term
| What ecological factors cause a hump-shaped prey curve like the one of the Rosenzweig and MacArthur model? |
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Definition
| As prey numbers build up, prey begin to limit their own rate of increase due to food shortage, disease, or social interactions. |
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Term
| Assumptions of Rosenzweig and MacArthur Model? |
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Definition
1. Homogeneous world with no refuges for the prey or different habitats
2. system is one predator eating one prey
3.predator is controlled by something other than food supply |
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Term
| assumption of ratio-dependent model? |
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Definition
| predation rate depends on the ratio of predators to prey rather than the numbers of prey alone. |
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Term
| prediction of ratio-dependent? |
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Definition
| as prey productivity is increased, predator and prey equilibria both rise. |
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Term
| Define endemic growth of prey. |
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Definition
| low density - when prey population size is controlled by the predator. |
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Term
| define epidemic growth of prey. |
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Definition
| high density - when the prey population size overcome the control of the predator |
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Term
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Definition
| the lowest region of curve when the lower equilibrium is set by predation |
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Term
| Hollings 4 predator responses to changes in prey population size. |
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Definition
1.Numerical
2. Functional (type I, II and III)
3.Aggregative
4. Developmental |
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Term
| Numerical functional repsonse? |
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Definition
| increase prey, increase predators via reproduction |
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Term
| Functional response type I? |
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Definition
| at some point, the number of prey eaten per hour becomes constant (usually due to satiation) |
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Term
| type II functional response? |
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Definition
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Term
| type III functional response? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the time it takes a predator to catch, kill, and eat its prey |
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Term
| Aggregative Response to changes in prey size? |
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Definition
| movement of predators to areas are higher prey densities. |
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Term
| Developmental response of predators to changes in prey pop. size? |
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Definition
| as predators develop, the number of prey consumed changes |
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Term
| Why does switching occur? |
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Definition
1. Search image hypothesis
2. Optimal foraging theory
3. marginal value theorem |
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Term
| what is optimal foraging theory? |
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Definition
| that a predator will behaive in such ways that in conserves resources |
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Term
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Definition
| energy value of the prey (E)/ handling time (h) |
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Term
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Definition
| predator should leave all patches of prey regardless of profitability when they have been reduced to the same marginal value which is the average for the whole env. |
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Term
| energy maximizers vs. time minimizers |
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Definition
| energy maximizers seek the maximum amount of energy from one feeding (cows) while time minimizers take in a set amount of energy harvested as quickly as possible |
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Term
| additive vs. compensatory mortality |
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Definition
| additive is simply when a predator takes prey at will, whereas compensatory is when a predator takes weak prey that will probably die anyways |
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Term
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Definition
| a predator that takes prey that will likely die anyways...not having an effect on population |
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Term
| 3 evolutionary responses to predation |
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Definition
1. Warning (aposematic) coloration
2. Cryptic Coloration
3. Group living |
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Term
| Warning (aposematic) coloration? 2 forms? |
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Definition
| when a prey is brightly colored to warn against dangerous attributes (poisons). One species (mimic) will resemble the other (model). There should be more models than mimics. |
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Term
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Definition
| when a species camoflages itself or resembles an object |
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Term
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Definition
| when a species herds together for strength in numbers: 1. selfish hypothesis (less predator success rate) 2. Shared vigilance 3. mobbing |
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Term
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Definition
| harvestable sector of population |
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Term
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Definition
| the number or biomass of organisms harvested per unit time |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of individuals reaching stock size. controlled by birth and growth rate |
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Term
| Russell's equation for stock size |
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Definition
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Term
| problems with recruitment modeling? |
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Definition
1. year class failures
2. match/mismatch theory |
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Term
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Definition
| for a fluctuating resource, continuing economic investment and ecological optimism fuel positive feedback that ratchets up the harvest rate to unsustainable levels and causes the eventual collapse of the fishery |
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Term
| 5 principles of effective resource management. |
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Definition
1. include humans as part of the system
2. act before scientific concensus is acheived
3. Rely on scientists to recognize problems, but not to remedy them
4. distrust claims of sustainable resource use
5. confront uncertainty |
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Term
| 2 risk aversive strategies for fishermen |
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Definition
1. adopt harvesting strategies that minimize year class failures (3)
2. impose protected areas "no take zones" |
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Term
| 3 harvesting strategies that minimize year class failures |
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Definition
1.constant quota - catch the same amount every year...on year class failure could result in extinction
2. constant exploitation rate - good years harvest more, bad years harvest less
3. constant escapement - same amount allowed to escape each time |
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Term
| changing ocean hypothesis vs. overfishing hypothesis |
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Definition
| changing ocean hyp is that environmental conditions have changed such as salinity and temperature or predators while overfishing is that the stock was exploited below its recoverable threshold |
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Term
| difference in MSY and OSY |
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Definition
| MSY is the biological approach where replacement growth is the highest, whereas, OSY is the economical approach where there is the greatest difference between total costs and total revenue |
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Term
| difference in logistic model and dynamic pool models. |
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Definition
| logistic do not distinguish amoung growth, recruitment and natural mortality whereas dynamic pool models do. |
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Term
| John Rhythers conclusions on ocean productivity. |
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Definition
Maximum world fish production is 240 million metric tons per year.
In 1967, total world commercial fish landings were 60 million metric tons and the catch increased at 8 % per year between 1942 and 1967. At this rate, current stocks will be overexploited by 1977.
Future expansion of catches will come from unexploited species from remote regions (e.g., Antarctic krill). |
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Term
| 3 Goals of Blue Revolution |
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Definition
1.Take pressure off wild stocks
2. Generate a net surplus of seafood to feed the world’s population
3. Provide opportunity for economically marginalized groups |
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