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General & Oral Pathology DH393
Oral Pathology for the Dental Hygienist
44
Other
Not Applicable
02/03/2008

Additional Other Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 Clinical descriptors of appearance of lesions (8)

Definition

 

 

1. Location

2. Number: single/multiple

3. Color

4. Size

5. Raised (sessile, pedunculated, flat)

6. Well circumscribed/diffuse

7. Mobile or fixed 

8. Radiographic appearance 

 

Term

Reactive Lesions: 

Definition

 

 

 

"Benign" in nature-but not of tumor origin;

Reactive lesions occur as a response to injury eg. cheek and lip biting;  

Term

Epilus/epulides: 

Definition

 

 

 

Bump on gums;

Non specific clinical term for reactive, focal connective tissue lesion on gingiva; focal growths of gingiva. 

 

Term

 Osseous Tissue: 

Definition

 

 

 

bone tissue which is the major structural and supportive connective tissue of the body. Osseous tissue forms the rigid part of the bone organs that make up the skeletal system.

There are two types of osseous tissue, compact and spongy.
Term

 Functions of osseous tissue (4) 

Definition

 

 

 1. Support for muscles, organs, and soft tissues.

2. Leverage and movement.

3.Protection of vital organs. e.g. the heart

4.Calcium phosphate storage.

 

Term

Sessile 

Definition

 

 

 

without a stalk; nodule-like 

Term

 Pedunculated: 

Definition

 

 

 

having a stalk like base 

Term

4 types of Tissue 

Definition

 

 

 

connective

epithelial

muscle

nervous

Term

 Fibrous connective tissue 

Definition

 

 

 

Derived from mesoderm (usually);

Buccal mucosa, labial mucosa, gingiva, tongue. 

 

Term

 Possible differential diagnosis of a

reactive inflammatory lesion found on fibrous connective tissue (8)

Definition

 

1. Irritation fibroma/focal fibrous hyperplasia

2. Peripheral ossifying fibroma (POF)

3.  Peripheral giant cell granuloma (PGCG)

4. Inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia (IFH)

5. Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia (IPH)

6. Gingival fibromatosis

7. Hyperplastic gingivitis

8. Hyperplastic pulpitis 

 

Term

 Possible differential diagnosis of a vascular

reactive inflammatory lesion (1)

  

Definition

 

 

 

pyogenic granuloma 

Term

 Possible differential diagnosis of a

reactive inflammatory lesion found on a peripheral nerve (1)

 

Definition

 

 

 

Traumatic Neuroma 

Term

 Possible differential diagnosis of a

reactive inflammatory lesion found on/with salivary gland (1)

 

Definition

 

 

 

Mucous retention phenomenon (mucocele) 

Term

MALFORMATION

Definition

 

 

 

Abnormality caused by failure or inadequate completion of one or more embryonic processes.  Intrinsic anomaly.  May be limited to an anatomic region, entire organ system, or produce a malformation syndrome affecting a number or different body systems.  EXAMPLE: Cleft lip, heart malformation.

Term

ETIOLOGY OF MALFORMATIONS

 

 

Definition

 

 

 

-Teratogenic exposure (drugs, smoking, alcohol, ionizing radiation), -Genetics (chromosomal abnormalities, inherited disease, sporadic mutation)

-Other malformation sequences – mechanical disruption (amniotic rupture and amniotic band sequence)

 

Term

TERATOGEN

 

Definition

 

 

 

Chemical or physical exposure that causes malformation

 

Term

 FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME

Definition

 

 

 

Dose dependent teratogenic effects of in utero exposure to alcohol.  Facial abnormalities, microencephaly, mental retardation, behavioral and learning abnormalities

Term

DYSPLASIA

 

Definition

 

 

 

Abnormal cellular organization or function within a specific tissue type throughout the body resulting in clinically apparent structural changes.  Almost all dysplasia is caused by major mutant genes.

Term

ECTODERMAL DYSPLASIAS

Definition

 

 

 

 More than 170 different ones.  Defined as a disorder with anomalies in 2 or more ectodermally-derived tissues (hair, skin, nails, teeth)

Term

X-LINKED HYPOHIDROTIC ECTODERMAL DYSPLASIA

Definition

 

 

 

Sparse hair, Decreased sweating, Missing teeth, Dysplastic nails, Characteristic face (Protruding lips, Depressed nasal bridge, Small face, Short lower face, Periorbital pigmentation)

 

Term
DEFORMATION
Definition
Anomaly produced by aberrant mechanical forces that distort otherwise normal structures.  Usually occur late in gestation.  EXAMPLE: Club feet
Term
DISRUPTION
Definition
Structural defect caused by actual destruction of previously normal tissue.  Mechanical forces, ischemia, hemorrhage, adhesion may be causes.
Term
GENETICS
Definition
DNA.  46 chromosomes, 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes.  Inherit one of each chromosome pair from mother and father.  DNA building blocks are nucleotides.  Each nucleotide = base, phosphate, and a deoxyribose sugar backbone.  DNA is a double helix.  
Term
GENETIC CODE: 
Definition
3 bases in a sequence form a codon.  22 amino acids but 64 possible combinations of 3 bases.  GENES: A typical gene consists of two different types of DNA sequences (exons = expressed sequences, introns = intervening sequences)
Term
MUTATION
Definition
Any permanent change in DNA.  Not always damaging, many are “silent mutations” with no apparent effect
Term
3 basic types of mutations based on size
Definition

 

 

GENOME MUTATION = extra or missing chromosomes, CHROMOSOME MUTATION = translocation of pieces of chromosomes,

GENE MUTATION = single base substitution.

Mutations can occur in: germ cells – risk of transmitting the mutation as heritable disease, somatic cells – risk of cancer in the individual.

Term
PHENOTYPE
Definition
The observable expression of a gene
Term
GENOTYPE
Definition
the genetic make-up at one location or the entire genome
Term
CHROMOSOMAL INHERITANCE
Definition

 -alterations in chromosome number

- Most common type of mutations

-Most are incompatible with life/reproduction.  Trisomies are most common, may have monosomy or polyploidy EXAMPLE: Down Syndrome – Trisomy 21

Term
TRISOMY 21 – DOWN SYNDROME
Definition
Greater incidence with increased maternal age.  Hypotonia, congenital heart defects, variable mental retardation, increased risk or leukemia.  Craniofacial features:  midfacial hypoplasia, open mouth/macroglossia, epicanthal folds, upslanting palpebral fissures, altered tooth shape, increased incidence or periodontitis in childhood, low caries.
Term
CYTOGENIC ABNORMALITIES
Definition
Translocations, Duplications, Deletions, Inversions of pieces of chromosomes.  Can be detected through karyotyping and special staining of chromosomes
Term
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE
Definition

Single gene traits.  4 types of inheritance:

1.Autosomal Dominant

2. Autosomal Recessive

3.X-linked Dominant

4.X-linked Recessive


Term
MENDELIAN  DISORDERS (DENTAL)
Definition
Amelogenesis Imperfecta, Dentinogenesis Imperfecta, Familial Hypodontia, Some Ectodermal Dysplasias, Other Syndromes with Dental Defects.
Term
MENDELIAN  DISORDERS (CRANIOFACIAL)
Definition
Cleidocranial Dysostosis, Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome, Craniosynostosis Syndromes, Oro-Facial Clefting Syndromes
Term
AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT INHERITANCE
Definition
Need one bad copy of the gene to express disease.  May occur as a sporadic mutation (no family history).  Affected person’s risk of having an affected child = 50%  EXAMPLES: Amelogenesis imperfecta, Dentinogenesis imperfecta, Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome (Gorlin Syndrome).  Diseases often show a lot of variability in the expression of the disease trait, even within the same family.
Term
AMELOGENESIS IMPERFECTA
Definition
Defects in enamel.  Some due to defects in gene for amelogenin, protein needed for enamel formation, others due to defects in gene for ameloblastin.
Term
NEVOID BASAL CELL CARCINOME SYNDROME
Definition
Gorlin syndrome.  Multiple dysplastic skin lesions – transform into basal cell carcinomas.  Jaw cysts.  Skeletal abnormalities: bifid ribs, vertebral anomalies, hypertelorism, frontal bossing, tall and thin with long limbs, calcified falx cerebri.  Mutation in PTCHed gene.
Term
AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE INHERITANCE
Definition
Need 2 bad copies of the gene to express the disease.  Parents are usually not affected.  A couple with an affected child has a 25% risk of having another affected child.  EXAMPLES: Cystic fibrosis, Sickle cell anemia, Tay Sachs disease.
Term
X-LINKED RECESSIVE INHERITANCE
Definition
Carried on the X chromosome.  Males predominantly affected, carrier female may have mild expression or be completely normal.  Couple’s chance of having another affected male is 50%, carrier females 50%.  EXAMPLES; Hemophilia A, X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia
Term
MULTIFACTORIAL INHERITANCE
Definition
 Caused by combination of genetics and environmental factors.  Clinically the most significant group of diseases.  Pattern of inheritance not readily recognizable from family history.  EXAMPLES:  Dental caries, Periodontal disease, Cleft Lip/Palate, Oral cancer, Malocclusion, Common chronic diseases or adulthood (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, heart disease, cancers, athersclerosis, arthritis.)
Term
CLEFT LIP / PALATE
Definition
Can range from notch in upper lip to full blown cleft of the lip, hard and soft palate (more posterior involvement as severity increases.)  Males affected more than females.  Right side affected more than left side.  Small maxilla, asymmetrical nose/face, dental anomalies common (especially in the area of the cleft) (missing or extra laterals, pitted enamel, missing teeth distant from the cleft)
Term
CLEFT PALATE
Definition
More common in females.  Most often caused by multifactorial inheritance, can also be associated with Mendelian Syndrome.  Can be caused by teratogenic exposure to tobacco smoke, or lack of folic acid.  Most minimal manifestation is submucous cleft (hyponasal or hypernasal speech, bifid uvula)
Term
TREACHER COLLINS SYNDROME
Definition

Autosomal dominant.  Bilaterally asymmetrical midface, zygomatic bone hypoplasia, downward slanting palpebral fissures (eyes), defects in lower eyelids, ear malformations (microtia), hearing loss, micrognathia and cleft palate, anterior open bite.

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