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-inherited traits are determined by molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid -form genes |
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-some thought to be purely genetic *may be caused by a single defective gene or by several defective genes or chromosomes -Multifactorial *combination of family history and environmental factors |
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-host, agent and environment |
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-genetic disposition, gender and ethnic origin -may interact with a specific agent, in a specific environment to cause illness |
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-may be a bacterium, toxin, gunshot or other pathophysiological process |
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-may be defined by the local climate, socioeconomic or demographic features, culture, religion, and associated factors |
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-incidence, prevalence and mortality |
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-the number of new cases of the disease that are reported in a given period of time, usually 1 year. |
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-proportion of the total population who are affected by the disease at a given point of time |
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-the rate of death from the disease |
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-rheumatic fever, allergies and asthma -more prevalent among those with a family history of the disorder but also involve other risk factors |
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-rheumatic fever, allergies and asthma -more prevalent among those with a family history of the disorder but also involve other risk factors |
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-inflammatory reaction to an infection, but is not an infection -hereditary factor, but inadequate nutrition and crowded living conditions are contributing factors |
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-often have family history factor -triggered by exposure to allergens and can usually be controlled by avoiding or reducing the presence of allergens as well as with medications |
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-propensity for airway-narrowing response to various stimuli |
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-wide variety of family history and environmental factors are included among the risk factors |
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-most common is diabetes mellitus -Type I, must take insulin daily because the pancreas produces no to almost no insulin, required for cellular utilization of glucose -Type II accounts for 80% of all cases -associated with a decreased insulin receptor response or a decrease in insulin production -Majority of Type II diabetics are obese |
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-many causes, such as gene alteration and histocompatibility (tissue interaction) dysfunctions. Include hemophilia, hemochromatosis and anemia |
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-heredity a major risk factor -include prolongation of the QT interval, mitral valve prolapse, coronary artery disease, hypertension and cardiomyopathy |
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-caused by a wide variety of factors (primarily hypertension) which may eventually require dialysis. |
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-may have both genetic and environmental disorders -Gout |
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Gastrointestinal disorders |
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-variety of causes and the causes of some disorders are unknown -lactose intolerance, Crohn's disease, peptic ulcers, cholecystitis, obesity |
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-variety of causes -huntington's disease, MS, Alzheimer's |
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-genetic and biological causes being studied and increasingly understood -schizophrenia, manic-depressive illness, bipolar disorders |
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-the supplying of oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues as a result of the constant passage of blood through the capillaries |
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-inadequate perfusion of the body tissues, resulting in an inadequate supply of oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues. -also called shock |
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Components of the circulatory system |
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-the pump (heart) -the fluid (blood) -the container (blood vessels) |
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-receives blood from the venous system, pumps it to the lungs for oxygenation and then it pumps it to the peripheral tissues |
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-70 mL -the amount of blood ejected by the heart in one contraction -factors affecting: preload, cardiac contractile force, afterload |
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-the amount of blood delivered to the heart during diastole -depends on venous return |
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Cardiac contractile force |
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-affected by preload -the greater the volume of preload, the more the ventricles are stretched, the greater the stretch the greater the cardiac contraction (Frank-Starling mechanism) |
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-the resistance a contraction of the heart must overcome in order to eject blood -determined by the degree of peripheral vascular resistance -the greater the arterial resistance, the less the stroke volume |
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-the amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute *Stroke volume x Heart rate = CO |
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-Cardiac output x peripheral vascular resistance |
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Peripheral vascular resistance |
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-the resistance of the vessels to the flow of blood -increased when vessels constrict, decreased when they dilate -governed by; the length of the vessel, the diameter of the vessel and blood viscosity |
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Compensatory mechanisms and negative feedback loops |
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-barorecpetors in the carotid sinuses and the aortic arch closely monitor blood pressure, and send messages to the brain that help to regulate changes in blood pressure |
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-comprised of the small vessels; the arterioles, capillaries and venules. -responsive to local tissue needs precapillary sphincter responds to local tissue needs |
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-flow through vessels regulated by peripheral vascular resistance and pressure within the system |
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Fli-substances with endocrine functions that affect the circulatory system -two substances play role in perfusion -Atrial Natriuretic Peptide *manufactured, stored and released by atrial muscle cells in response to such things as atrial distention and sympathetic stimulation -Brain Natriuretic Peptide *manufactured, stoed and released by ventricular muscle cells in response to ventricular dilation and sympathetic stimulation |
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-adequate concentration of inspired oxygen -appropriate movement of O2 across alveolar/capillary membrane into the arterial bloodstream -adequate number of red blood cells to carry the oxygen -proper tissue perfusion -efficient off-loading of oxygen at the tissue level |
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-inadequate pump *inadequate preload *inadequate cardiac contractile strength *inadequate heart rate *excessive afterload
-inadequate fluid *hypovolemia
-inadequate container *dilated container w/o change in fluid volume (inadequate systemic vascular resistance) *leak in container |
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2 characteristics of impaired cellular metabolism |
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-impaired oxygen use -impaired glucose use |
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-the second stage of metabolism, requiring the presence of oxygen -breakdown of glucose yields a high amount of energy -aerobic means "with oxygen" |
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-first stage of metabolism, which does not require oxygen -breakdown of glucose produces pyruvic acid and yields very little energy -anaerobic means "without oxygen" |
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Change from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism |
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-when cells don't receive enough O2 or cannot use it effectively -far less efficient means of producing energy |
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-decrease in arterial blood pressure by the baroreceptors, activates several body systems that attempt to reestablish a normal blood pressure -endocrine system secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine , causing increased heart rate, increased cardiac contractile force and arteriolar constriction |
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-the body's compensatory mechanisms are able to maintain normal perfusion |
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-when the body's compensatory mechanisms are no longer available to maintain normal perfusion *hallmark is fall in BP -progressive shock |
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-no medical intervention can reverse the condition and death is inevitable |
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-cardiogenic -hypovolemic -neurogenic -anaphylactic -septic |
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-caused by insufficient cardiac output -inability of the heart to pump enough blood to perfuse all parts of the body -major difference is presence of pulmonary edema with difficulty breathing |
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-caused by decreased blood or water volume -loss of intravascular fluid volume -internal or external hemorrhage, traumatic injury, long-bone or open fractures, severe dehydration from vomiting/diarrhea, plasma loss from burns, excessive sweating, DKA |
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-caused by an obstruction that interferes with return of blood to the heart -PE, cardiac temponade, tension pneumothorax |
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-caused by abnormal distribution and return of blood -vasodilation, vasopermeability, or both (neurogenic, anaphylactic, septic) |
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-greatly increased urination and dehydration due to high levels of glucose that cannot be reabsorbed into the blood from the kidney tubules, causing a loss of water into the urine |
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-resulting from brain or spinal cord injury that causes an interruption of nerve impulses to the arteries with loss of arterial tone, dilation, and relative hypovolemia |
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-life-threatening allergic reaction |
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-develops as a result of infection carried by the bloodstream, eventually causing dysfunction of multiple organ systems |
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-progressive impairment of two or more organ systems resulting from an uncontrolled inflammatory response to a severe illness or injury |
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