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Definition
| The molecular processes by which the information contained in genes is converted into polypeptide chains that determine the metabolic and developmental capabilities of cells and organisms |
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| The overall process by which the segment corresponding to a particular gene is selected and an RNA molecule is made |
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| when RNA undergoes chemical modification in the nucleus |
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| genearlly chains or rings of carbon atoms bearing various distinguishing atoms. The simplest R groups are those of Glycine (-H) and Alanine (-CH3) |
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| The one end of of a polypeptide molecule that has a free amino group |
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Definition
| The one end of a polypeptide molecule that has a free carboxyl group |
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| How are polypeptides synthesized? |
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Definition
| By adding successive amino acids to the carboxyl end of the growing chain |
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Definition
| When protein molecules consist of more than one polypeptide chain |
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Definition
| The sequence of base pairs in DNA determines the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide in a colinear, or point-to-point, manner |
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Definition
| The enzyme used in transcription that binds to a promoter and then initiates transcription |
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Definition
| a DNA sequence of 20-200 nucleotides in length |
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Definition
| A nucleotide in or near the promoter |
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| Difference between DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase is that |
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Definition
| RNA polymerase is able to initiate chain growth without a primer |
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| RNA polymerase holoenzyme |
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Definition
| the active form of an RNA polymerase |
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Definition
| Used exclusively in producing the transcript that becomes processed into ribosomal RNA. The promoter region includes the transcription start site. |
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Definition
| Responsible for transcribing all protein-coding genes as well as the genes for a number of small nuclear RNAs used in RNA processing. The promotoer is located near the transcription start site but upstream (on the 5' side) of it |
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Definition
| Used in transcribing all transfer RNA genes as well as the 5S component of ribosomal RNA. The promoter is located near the transcription start site but downstream (on the 3' side) of it. |
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Definition
| The consensus motif that is usually located near position -10. |
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| The more closely the promoter elements resemble the consensus sequence.... |
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Definition
| The stronger the promoter. |
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Definition
| a protein that allows RNA polymerase to bind properly to a promoter region |
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Term
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Definition
-First step in transcription
- TATA-box binding protein binds promoter DNA and bends it which brings the promoter DNA into contact with the TFIIB component
- Promoter follows a straight path until a point 25-30 bp distant from the TATA box and the transcription start site is brought into position near the polymerase active site
- TFIIE joins the complets and recruits TFIIH which destabilizes the DNA duplex
- Synthesis begins in the 5' to 3' direction
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Term
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Definition
-2nd step in transcription
- RNA nucleotides are added to the growing transcript
- Each incoming nucleotide is added to the 3' end of the transcript at a site 3 nucleotides from the point at which the DNA template strand unwinds from the nontemplate DNA
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Definition
| RNA polymerase reaches a chain-termination sequence and bot the newly synthesized RNA molecule and the polymerase are released. |
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| Two Types of Termination are: |
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Definition
- Self-terminating which depends only on the nucleotide sequence in the DNA template (in bacteria hairpin loop)
- Requires the presence of a termination protein
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Definition
| The RNA molecule produced from a DNA template |
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Definition
| specifies the order in which the amino acids are present in the polypeptide chain |
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Definition
| segments that are excised from the primary transcript |
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Definition
| the sequences in a gene that are retained in the messenger RNA after the introns are removed from preexisting genes |
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Definition
| The excision of the introns and the joining of the exons |
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Definition
| linked by physical or functional interactions so that the occurrence of one process initiates or regulates the next |
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Definition
| Nuclear particles where RNA splicing takes place |
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Definition
| Small nuclear particle that contains short RNA molecules and several proteins that are involed in intron excision and splicing and other aspects of RNA processing |
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Definition
| Relatively autonomous folding units in proteins |
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Definition
| The model of protein evolution through the combination of different exons |
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Definition
| A process in which a messenger RNA containing a premature chain-terminating codon is destroyed in the first round of translation owing to the presence of proteins that are bound to the exon-exon junctions. |
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Definition
| A mutational event caused by the insertion or deletion of one or more nucleotide pairs in a gene, resulting in a shift in the reading frame of all codons following the mutational site. |
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Definition
| The acceptable pairing of several possible bases in an anticodon with the base present in the third position of a codon |
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Definition
| A nucleotide substitution that creates a stop codon and results in premature chain termination during translation |
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