Term
| What is the basic dogma of biology? |
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Definition
| DNA is used to produce RNA which is used to synthesize proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| The analysis of inehritance patterns to identify and characterize genes. |
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Term
| What are the nucleic acis and what are they? |
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Definition
Nucleotides plymerized by phosphodiester bonds
-RNA
-DNA |
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Term
| What is the name of a structure that is a single molecule of DNA often millions of base pairs long. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a single functinal unit of DNA that controls a specific trait? |
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Definition
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Term
| Define ribose. What is its purpose? |
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Definition
A ribose is a five carbon sugar.
It makes up the central moity of nucleotides. |
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Term
| Which ribose carbons are most important for polymerization? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are bases in terms of nucleic acid structure? What is their purpose? |
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Definition
| Bases are the side groups of nucleotides. |
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Term
| At what carbon do baes attach to riboses? |
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Definition
| At the 1' carbon or ribose. |
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Term
| Which nucleotide types are composed of a base and one ring? |
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Definition
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Term
| What nucleotides have a single ring? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| A nucleotide with a base and two rings is considered what? Specifically, which nucleotides does this include? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A nucleotide precursor that has a base attached to the 1' carbon of ribose but lacking a phosphorylated 5' |
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Term
| What is the difference between thymidine and uracil? |
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Definition
Thymidine has a methyl group while uracil does not
Thymidine is used by DNA
Uracil is used by RNA |
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Term
| Which is larger DNA or RNA? |
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Definition
| DNA is significantly larger-millions of base pairs-versus RNA which is about 50-40,000 nucleotides |
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Term
| What are some differences between DNA and RNA? |
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Definition
DNA-double stranded
RNA single stranded
DNA-much larger than RNA
DNA-composed of deoxynucleoties which lack 2' hydroxyl groups
RNA is made of unmodified nucleotides which have the 2' hydroxyls |
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Term
| T/F. Factors that bind DNA often bind to the minor groove b/c it forms a stronger bond. |
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Definition
| False. Factors bind the major groove b/c it allows better acess to the DNA. |
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Term
| What is the standard DNA confirmation? |
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Definition
| B DNA. Double right handed turn with about 10 BP per turn. Bases are held together at the core and the sugar phosphate backbones wrap around the periphery. |
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Term
| Describe the differences between A and B DNA. |
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Definition
A DNA is more compact than B DNA
A DNA has a hole through the center
A DNA is formed from DNA/RNA or RNA/RNA strands
A DNA is more stable than B DNA |
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Term
| Describe Z DNA. What is it sometimes associated with. |
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Definition
Z DNA is composed of left handed turns
Z DNA forms when there are alternating purine and pyrimidine nucleotides.
Z DNA is sometimes involed in gene repression |
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Term
| How is a triple helical DNA formed? |
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Definition
| Forms between one polypurina nd two polypyrimidine strands |
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Term
| How many hydrogen bonds are between CG and AT? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a function of supercoiling? Why does supercoiling occur? |
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Definition
Stores energy.
Occurs b/c DNA is partially unwound |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the differences between heterochromatin and euchromatin? |
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Definition
Heterochromatin is tightly would DNA that is not transcribed.
Eukromatin is actively transcribed and is less tightly bound. |
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Term
| What amino acids do histones contain a large number of? Why? |
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Definition
| Lysine and arginine b/c they are basic (positively charges) amino acids which allows them to bind to the negatively charged DNA. |
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Term
| T/F. Prokaryotes have histones. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| DNA and the associated histones. Does NOT include the linker region |
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Term
| How many times does DNA wrap around a histone octamer? In what direction? |
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Definition
| DNA wraps around 1.75 times in a left handed superhelix. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hollow tube formed when nucleosomes coil around each other. |
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Term
| What form does DNA take on as the cell enters prophase? |
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Definition
| All chromosomes condense into solenoids during prophase. |
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Term
| What is the most abundant class of DNA proteins? Second most abundant? |
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Definition
Most common histones
Second most scaffold proteins |
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Term
| What are the possible roles of scaffold proteins? |
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Definition
-Tie the solenoids togethers to form the condensced chromatin
-Maintian supercoiling |
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Term
| T/F. Dark bands are more active |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the diffences between a promoter region and an enhancer region of DNA? |
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Definition
Promoter region
- position cannot be moved
- located just upstream of the gene (poly I and II)
-located within the gene (poly III)
Enhancers
-can be moved relative to the gene it controls
- its 5-3 prime orientation can be flipped in a transgenic expression assay
-often located many much further away from the gene it controls than promoters. |
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