Term
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Definition
Distribution of chromosomes (nuclear division) and cytokinesis |
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Term
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Definition
during this stage Cell growth and DNA replication |
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Term
Labile cells e.g. cells of epidermis |
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Definition
no all cells undergo the process of mitosis because they are in continuous cyclization. Give an example. |
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Term
Stable cells e.g. skin fibroblasts, hepatocytes |
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Definition
these types of cells exit G1 to enter a quiescent stage called G0, where they are metabolically active but no longer proliferate; If there is stimulus (e.g. injury) reenter G1 Give an example |
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Term
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Definition
to identify DNA in what stage of the cell cycle is the incorporation of radioactive thymidine made |
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Term
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Definition
Most animal cells proliferation is regulated in ? which is also known as the Restriction point (similar to START in yeasts) |
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Definition
Injury to skin fibroblasts causes platelets to release? and then the cells can re-enter the G1 phase |
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Term
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Definition
A few cell are controlled in G2 phase (G2 to M) Remain arrested in G2 for a long time Hormonal stimulation Progression to M phase Give an example |
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Term
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Definition
Senses unreplicated DNA and prevents mitosis before completion of S phase Also checks for DNA damage |
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Term
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Definition
Checks for DNA damage and errors of replication |
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Term
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Definition
this check point occurs towards the end (Spindle assembly checkpoint ) Monitors alignment of chromosomes on spindle Chromosomes not allowed to separate until a complete compliment of chromosomes is organized for distribution to daughter cells |
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Term
minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase proteins |
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Definition
They bind to replication origins along with origin recognition complex (ORC) proteins Can bind to replication origins only during G1 phase Once bound allow replication to initiate Displaced from origin as replication progresses |
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Term
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Definition
block the association of MCM with origins during S, G2 and M phases |
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Term
cyclin dependent kinases (CDK) |
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Definition
are protein kinases that play a prominent role in regulating cell cycle progression |
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Term
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Definition
are regulatory subunits required for the catalytic activity of Cdk’s |
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Term
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Definition
Name the CDK and the Cyclin associated with the restrction point |
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Term
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Definition
Name the CDK and the Cyclin associated with G1 to S |
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Term
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Definition
Name the CDK and the Cyclin associated with G2 to M |
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Term
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Definition
Name the CDK and the Cyclin associated with progression through the S phase |
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Term
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Definition
Name the CDK and the Cyclin associated with S to G2 |
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Term
Maturation promotion factor (MPF) |
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Definition
Cdk1 + cyclin A or B --> also called |
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Term
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Definition
Cdk-cyclin complex activation requires phosphorylation of ____ at 160 |
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Term
Wee1 protein kinase and cdc25 family of protein phosphatases |
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Definition
what inhibits the cdk cyclin complex by Inhibition by phosphorylation at Cdk amino terminal region |
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Term
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Definition
bind to monomeric Cdk4 and Cdk6 --> inhibit progression through G1 |
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Term
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Definition
bind to Cdk1 and Cdk2--> inhibit progression through all phases of cell cycle E.g. p21 |
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Term
growth factor stimulation |
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Definition
activates Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathways--> stimulate synthesis of cyclin D1 |
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Term
D1 complexes with Cdk4 & 6 |
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Definition
are responsible for phosphorylation of Rb protein |
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Term
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Definition
Normally underphosphorylated, binds to E2F family of Transcription factors and keeps them inactive Phosphorylation--> releases E2F--> activation of transcription of target genes--> one of which is cyclin E--> complexes with Cdk2 |
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Term
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Definition
Phosphorylates Rb complete inactivation Activate MCM helicase protein replication initiation and entry into S phase |
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Term
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Definition
Proteins that drive cell proliferation Growth factors Ras, Raf, MEK,ERK & cyclin D Mutation leads to increased cell proliferation |
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Term
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Definition
Act as brake to cell cycle Loss of function leads to increased cell proliferation Rb protein |
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Term
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Definition
protein kinases which are part of protein complexes that recognize damaged or unreplicated DNA--> activate checkpoint kinases (CHK2 and CHK1 respectively)--> cell cycle arrest |
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Term
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Definition
In addition G1 arrest is also mediated by __; it is also Transcription factor --> induces p21--> inhibits Cdk1/cyclinE complex |
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Term
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Definition
a mutation in ATM leads to? |
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Term
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Definition
most common genetic alteration in cancers |
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