The ability of a substance to change the genetic characteristics of an organism.

R and dead S forms of bacteria mixed kill mice

deoxyribose

nitrogenous base(ATGC)

Phosphate

minor groove

major groove

small gap in helical structure connected by bases

large gap not connected by bases

semiconservative(right one)

conservative

dispersive

Interference

crossovers do not occur independently

I = 1 - CofC

ratio between the actual percent of dco that occur and the expected percent of dco's that occur

CofC = actual dco/ expected dco

genetic mosaicism

• example?

denotes the presence of two populations of cells with different genotypes from the same fertilized egg.  due to replication mutation or mitotic recombination.

Twin Spot in drosophila

protein

DNA

4 req's for DNA to be genetic material?

1. must be able to carry information
2. must be able to replicate
3. must be able to change over time
4. must code for the expression of a phenotype

• gene function

Can genetic information be read off of DNA without unwinding it?

which groove?

yes by some proteins,

major groove preferred

DNA helicase?

single stranded binding proteins

primase

ligase

DNA polymerase I,II,III

• unwinds DNA
• keeps DNA unwound
• creates RNA primers to initiate synthesis
• welds okazaki fragments

1. fills in gaps between newly synthesized fragments
2. repair enzyme
3. produces new strands of DNA

DNA replicaiton mechanism?

1. DNA helicase unwinds DNA at origin.
2. ss binding protein attaches to hold DNA
3. Primase makes RNA primer
4. Pol III starts to synthesize DNA strand
5. Pol I removes primer and fills w/ DNA
6. ligase welds lagging fragments together

DNA molecules are circular in?

single stranded as well in?

mitochondria

chloroplasts

viruses

prokaryotes

• bacteriophages

poblem with replicating a circular DNA molecule?

How is it fixed?

How are the replicated strands separated?

• the  still winded part becomes twisted and tangled.
• Topoisomerase cuts supercoiled end and it unwinds, then ligase reconnects DNA strands
• topoisomerase cuts the two replicated strands at the termination region.

forward mutation

reverse mutation

• changes wild type to different allele
• changes novel mutation back to wild type allele(reversion)

• substitution- exchange of bases
• deletion
• insertion
• reciprocal translocation- parts of nonhomologous chroms switch places
• inversion- 180 rotation of a piece
• chromosomal rearangements- affect many genes at one time.

1. they occur randomly(correct)
2. physiological response to bactericide

Uv light produces?

X-rays produce?

• thymine dimers(resist replication)
• deletion

replication occurs every...?

1. methyl is on parental strands
2. error is detected by an MutS
3. recruits another enzyme to nick at a specific sequence up towards 5' end
4. DNA exonuclease excises DNA
5. DNA is repaired and methylated

1. Glycolase finds error and removes base
2. DNA endonuclease makes nick
3. DNa exonuclease removes section by nick
4. DNA pol II fills in gap
5. Ligase seals nicks

germ-line mutations

somatic mutations

hot spot

complementation testing tells us?

• passed on generations and affects the evolution of a species
• affect the survival of a species
• mutate at high rate
• whether two mutations are on the same gene
• different genes =wt, same gene = mutant

Auxotroph

phototroph

needs supplement to grow on medium

doesnt need supplement

N terminus

C terminus

multimeric

• contains a free amino group. 5' end
• contains a free carboxylic acid. 3' end
• protein containing subunits more than one polypeptide

reverse transcriptase

complementary DNA without introns

RNA polymerase catalyzes (helped by sigma factor)

promoters signal where to begin transcrption

terminator sequences tell when to stop.

introns

exons

not found in mature mRNA. DNA not expressed

Mature mRNA is only exons. expressed DNA

removal of introns creating mature mRNA.

catalyzed by spliceosomes

• tRNA's mediate translation of mRNA codons to amino Acids to form a polypeptide chain.
• base pairing between an mRNA codon and a tRNA anticodon

aminoacyl-tRNA syntetase does what?

Alternative splicing?

transplcing?

• two different mRNA's can be formed from the same DNA
• exons from two different genes can be combined

missense

nonsense mutations

substitution, changes one AA

changes to a stop codon

null or amorphic mutation

hypomorphic

none of protein produced

little of protein produced

dominant

recessive

1. DNA and plasmid vectors are cut by restriction enzyme
2. DNA fragments and vectors are combined and sealed up by ligase

15

100-300

250-3000

complete genomic library

cDNA library

• compilation of clones that account for every base in the enitre genome.
• contains only exons

• melts double strand(releases bonds)

• allows for increased mismatch of bases

1. cut whole genomic DNA
2. put fragments through electrophoresis
3. blot fragged DNA to a filter
4. hybridize on a DNA probe
5. identify fragments with fluorescense

use of oligonucleotides(primers)

to exponentially narrow in on the target DNA

primers starting from both ends of cloned insert.

new primers are formulated from the end of the old ones.

Homologous

orthologous

paralogous

• genes with enough similiarity that they are related in evolutionary history
• two different species that have the same gene from a common ancestor
• duplication of a gene within the same species

repeat classes:

transposon derived

pseudogenes

segmental

• copies itself
• looks liek a gene but isnt
• repeats in segments

Lines

Sines

autonomous(most common)

nonautonomous