1. Worldwide change in sea level

2. Changes in evaporation rates

3. Changes in stream courses

4. Forces migration of animals and changes plant distribution

5. Extinction

1. Position of land

2. Variation in Earth's orbit

     - Eccentricity- shape of orbit (100k); shape varies

     - Obiquity- tilt of Earth's axis (41k); angle changes

     - Precession- rotation of the axis (26k); E's axis wobbles

Do volcanoes warm or cool the Earth?

- Dust and CO2 result in cooling

- SO2, NO4, and water vaper result in warming

-Net effect: short term cooling

1. Volcanoes
2. Biological productivity
3. Land cover
4. Sunspots/solar flares
5. Cosmic Dust
6. Ocean circulation patterns (probably too long term)
7. Milankovitch cycles (too long term)
8. Plate Tectonics (WAY to long term)

Anthropogenic Climate Change

1. Greenhouse gas emission
2. Land use
3. Removal of forests
4. Mining
5. Tilling of Soil
6. Cow Farts
7. Landfills

Impacts of Global Warming

-Financial:

    -$50 billion/yr in additional agricultural products

    -$100 billion/yr in additional insurance losses

    -Relocating Farms, fishing areas,recreation areas

-Biological extinctions

-Loss of water supply

-Changes in weather patterns

-Cooling (!?)

-Increased frequency of oceanic storms like hurricanes (not enough data yet)

-Increased distribution of pests and diseases (probably restricted to a few regions, some studies are inconclusive)

How the Maldives formed

     Warming=melting of ice=Sea level rise

Types of Resources

-Renewable resources: Can be replenished over short time spans

-Nonrenewable resources: significant deposits take millions of years to form

-Hydrocarbon compounds are found in similar environments

    -Derived from remains of marine plants and animals

1. Anticline Trap

2. Salt Dome Trap

3. Fault Trap

4. Structural Trap

- Formed from plant material

- Problems:

   1. environmental damage from mining

   2. air pollution

-clay and sand combined with water and bitumen

-Problems: CO2 emission,

- fine-grained rock with abundant hydrocarbons

      -(Green River formation)

-Problems: land waste, water disposal, water use, waste water management, and air pollution (sulfur gas emission, oxidation of buried minerals causes acid drainage) 

Alternate Energy Sources

-90% of the world's energy needs are derived from nonrenewable fossil fuels

1. Nuclear energy

2. Solar energy (thermal)

3. Tidal energy: high tide fills reservoir, creates energy at low tide

4. Hydroelectric power

5. Geothermic energy

6. Wind energy

-Commercially useful earth materials

-identified depostits of mineral resources that can be extracted profitably

    -profitability depens on high concentration and technology

-include known and unknown deposits not economically or technologically recoverable

-magmatic segregation/fractional crystallization

   :Seperation of crystallized minerals and residual melt

-most from hot, metal-rich fluids leftr over from late-stage magmatic segregation

-metallic ions precipitated to produce vein deposits and disseminated deposits

-SULFUR

-Black smokers: hotter; iron, magnesium

-White smokers: cooler; silica, barium, calcium

Making Diamonds

-Crystallize in mantle (120-200km)

-Diamond bearing pipes: Kimberlites

-Contact metamorphism: When limestone is the parent rock, CO2 is deposited, allowing metal ions to migrate

-Regional metamorphism also generates useful deposits such as Talc and Graphite

concentration of mineral resources through Sedimentary Weathering

-Secondary enrichment concentrates metals

    -Aluminum: Bauxite (main ore of aluminum); undesirable elements leached away

    -Copper: Malachite (common ore of copper); sulfuric acid dissolves copper and carries it deeper into the soil

-Placer deposits: alluvium deposit containing valuable minerals.

     -formed by heavy minerals sorted by currents into a trap site

- Mineral resources arent restricted to just minerals

-Two groups of nonmetallic resources:

  1. Building materials (Aggregate: gravel, sand)

  2. Industrial materials (Fertilizers:phosphate, potassium; Sulfur; Salt)

       -Others are much rarer, and may be transported great distances

-Environment=surroundings

    1. Physical-air, water, land

    2. Biological-plants, animals

    3. Social and cultural-ethics, economics, aesthetics, politics

-Myth of Superabundance

   -Over-fishing

-Human population growth (1.2%/yr)

    2100: 20 bill

    2200: 66 bill

    2300: 218 bill

1. 390 million gallons of petroleum into the ocean per year
2. Pollution: Sewage, Metals, Trash
3. Anoxic waters: sea water depleted of oxygen
4. Introduced species

-Don't pollute faster than the Earth can assimilate

-Don't consume faster than the Earth can repenish

-study of the interaction of humans with the geologic environment

1. managing geological and hydrogeological resources such as fossil fuels, minerals, water (surface and ground water), and land use.

2. defining and mitigating exposure of natural hazards on humans

managing industrial and domestic waste disposal and

3. minimizing or eliminating effects of pollution, and

performing associated activities, often involving litigation.