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Geology Test 3
Geology test 3 apsu
124
Geology
Undergraduate 1
10/28/2020

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Term
Metamorphic rock forms from pre-existing rock when heat and pressure cause solid-state transformations (no melting occurs).
Definition
True
Term
The deeper a rock is below the Earth's surface ________.
Definition
the hotter it will be
Term
During metamorphism, no new chemical compounds are added to the parent rock except for water
Definition
True
Term
The “normal” or average geothermal gradient is _______________:
Definition
20-25 C/km
Term
________ forces the constituents of a rock to become parallel to one another.
Definition
Differential stress
Term
________ metamorphism occurs adjacent to a pluton when a body of magma intrudes a relatively cool country rock.
Definition
Contact
Term
The two most common non-foliated metamorphic rocks are ________ and marble.
Definition
quartzite
Term
________ forms when a limestone recrystallizes during metamorphism.
Definition
Marble
Term
________ is a fine-grained metamorphic rock, without foliation, whose parent rock was basalt.
Definition
Hornfels
Term
Different minerals can form from the same elements at different temperatures and pressures
Definition
True
Term
Which of the two types of metamorphism typically produce no foliation:
Definition
contact metamorphism
Term
________ is the lowest-grade rock in progressive metamorphism.
Definition
Slate
Term
Schist forms at higher temperatures and pressure than slate.
Definition
True
Term
A migmatite is a mixed ________ rock.
Definition
metamorphic and igneous
Term
The geothermal gradient above areas of rising magma is ___________________?
Definition
higher than normal
Term
High pressure – low temperature conditions occur around which of the following features
Definition
subduction zones
Term
________ are important economic resources for lead, zinc, gold, silver, tungsten, tin, and mercury.
Definition
Hydrothermal veins
Term
Relative time refers to the time sequence in which events take place rather than the number of years involved.
Definition
True
Term
The statement “the present is the key to the past” is best described as the principle of
Definition
uniformitarianism
Term
The principle of superposition states that within a sequence of undisturbed sedimentary rocks, the layers get younger going from bottom to top.
Definition
True
Term
[image]
Which rock unit is the youngest?
Definition
granite
Term
[image]
On the diagram below, which layer is the oldest?
Definition
shale
Term
A(n) ________ is an erosional surface that represents a gap in the geologic record.
Definition
unconformity
Term
Which of the following unconformities involves intrusive igneous rocks?
Definition
nonconformity
Term
In a(n) ________ the erosional contact represents missing rock strata and separates sedimentary beds that are parallel.
Definition
disconformity
Term
The ________ is based upon the observation that fossil species succeed one another through layers in a predictable order.
Definition
principle of faunal succession
Term
A(n) ________ fossil is a fossil from a very short-lived, geographically widespread species that existed during a specific interval of geologic time.
Definition
index
Term
The division on the geologic time scale are based on
Definition
fossils
Term
The proportional amount of atoms that decay with time ________ by the high pressures and temperature of Earth's interior.
Definition
is not changed at all
Term
The ________ of a radioactive material is the time it takes for a given amount of radioactive isotope to be reduced by half.
Definition
half life
Term
The rate of decay of a large amount of radioactive isotope is constant regardless of temperature and pressure.
Definition
True
Term
All isotopes are radioactive.
Definition
False
Term
A radiometric date of an igneous rock indicates when the rock _______.
Definition
cooled from magama
Term
The driving force behind all mass wasting is ________________?
Definition
gravity
Term
Which of the following factors are how geologists, engineers, and others classifying mass wasting?
Definition
rate of movement, type of material, type of movement
Term
When soil is saturated with water it becomes heavier and less viscous and more likely to flow downslope.
Definition
true
Term
In ________, soil in which fine grains predominate moves downslope as a viscous fluid.
Definition
earthflows
Term
A(n) apron of fallen rock fragments called ________ is generally found at the base of a slope affected by rockfall.
Definition
talus
Term
If movement becomes very rapid, a rockslide may break up and become ________.
Definition
a rock avalanche
Term
Assuming that all other conditions are identical, a slope that is ________ is more stable.
Definition
more gently inclined
Term
A(n) ________ is the rapid sliding of a mass of bedrock along an inclined surface of weakness.
Definition
rockslide
Term
Debris in a translation slide moves parallel to the slope of a hill.
Definition
true
Term
Which of the following is the slowest type of mass wasting
Definition
creep
Term
Which of the following is the fastest type of mass wasting:
Definition
avalanche
Term
A mixture of debris and water moving down a channel is called a _________________?
Definition
mudflow
Term
Water is critical in mass wasting because it adds weight to the slope and increases the pore pressure.
Definition
true
Term
Which of the following factors is not an important influence on mass wasting:
Definition
rock type
Term
Discharge is best defined as ______________
Definition
the amount of water flowing in stream
Term
Which of the following is not a control on the velocity of a stream?
Definition
type of bedrock
Term
Streams erode rock and sediment by ________.
Definition
abrasion
solution
hydraulic action
Term
Movement of sand and gravel by rolling, sliding, or dragging in a streambed is called ________ load.
Definition
traction
Term
Suspended load is composed of gravel-sized sediment.
Definition
false
Term
________ refers to sand grain movement in a series of short leaps or bounces off the bottom.
Definition
saltation
Term
The ________ load is sediment light enough to remain lifted indefinitely above the bottom by water turbulence.
Definition
suspension
Term
A river's velocity is faster ________.
Definition
along the outside of a meander loop near the cut bank
Term
Point bars are sandbars deposited in the middle of river channels.
Definition
false
Term
________ are low ridges of flood-deposited sediment that form on both sides of a stream channel and thin away from the channel.
Definition
natural levees
Term
A(n) ________ is the body of sediment deposited at the mouth of a river when the river's velocity decreases.
Definition
delta
Term
Rivers may develop pronounced sinuous (wiggly) curves called a ________ pattern.
Definition
meandering
Term
A cutoff meander may become a crescent-shaped ________.
Definition
oxbow lake
Term
The process of deepening of a valley by erosion of a streambed is called ________.
Definition
down cutting
Term
Erosion occurs on the outside of a stream meander because _______________.
Definition
the velocity is higher there
Term
A cone of sediment deposited by stream action at the base of a steep mountain is called a _______________
Definition
alluvial fan
Term
The limit to downcutting of a stream is called the ________ level.
Definition
base
Term
Parent Rock
Definition
Original rock before metamorphisim
Term
What's Stress
Definition
force applied to an object
Term
Growth of minerals during metamorphism is
Definition
slow
Term
minerals grow in the
Definition
Solid State
Term
garnet grows
Definition
1.4mm per one million years
Term
Differential Stress are when forces _____
Definition
are not the same in all directions
Term
Differential Stress produces
Definition
foliation
Term
What is Foliation?
Definition
parallel alignment of minerals
Term
What are the two types of metamorphism?
Definition
Contact and Regional
Term
What is Contact Metamorphism?
Definition
Metamorphism by the heating of rock near an igneous intrusion
Term
Contact Metamorphism has what kind of stress and foliation?
Definition
None
Term
What is the area of Contact Metamorphism?
Definition
Small 1-50m wide
Term
Contact Metamorphism has what kind of temp and pressure conditions?
Definition
high temp low pressure
Term
Regional Metamorphism
Definition
caused by increased temperature and pressure by the regional burial of rocks
Term
Whats the area for Regional Metamorphism?
Definition
large
Term
Does Regional Metamorphism have foliation?
Definition
Common Foliation
Term
Whats the temperature of Regional Metamorphism?
Definition
pressure conditions depend on geothermal gradient
Term
Why is the earth cool at subduction zones?
Definition
Term
What are the two ways to determine time?
Definition
Relative Age and Numerical Age
Term
Relative age
Definition
-age of rock or event relative to some other rock or event

-know just to order of events
Term
Numerical Age
Definition
age of rock or event given units of time (days, years, etc
Term
What are the 3 principles of relative age?
Definition
Original Horizontality
superposition
Cross-Cutting Relationships
Term
Original Horizontality
Definition
beds of sedimentary rocks deposited in water form in horizontal layers
Term
Superposition
Definition
In a sequence of undisturbed sedimentary rocks, the layers get younger going up
Term
In Superposition the oldest rock layer would be where?
Definition
The Bottom
Term
Cross Cutting
Definition
-A disrupted pattern is older than the cause of the disruption

-younger features “cut” across older features
Term
Unconformity
Definition
special type of contact
-surface that represents a breakin the geologic record
-represents “missing” time
Term
3 types of unconformities
Definition
Disconformity
Angular unconformity
nonconformity
Term
Angular Unconformity
Definition
produced when horizontal layers are tilted, eroded, and new layers are deposited over the surface
Term
Angular Un Conformities are usually found where?
Definition
found between layers of sedimentary rocks that are at an angle to each other
Term
Disconformity
Definition
produced by deposition of layers after a period of erosion or nondeposition
Term
Disconformity is found where?
Definition
between layers of sedimentary rocks
Term
Nonconformity
Definition
noncontact metamorphism along surface
Term
how do you identify a Nonconformity?
Definition
separates a body of igneous rocks below from sedimentary layers above
Term
Correlation
Definition
means of determining relative age in separate areas
Term
What are the 3 types of correlations?
Definition
Physical continuity
Similarity of rock Types
Fossils
Term
Physical Continuity
Definition
ability to trace layers to different areas
Term
similarity of rock types
Definition
based on same rock type and vertical sequence of layers
Term
Fossils
Definition
based on similar fossils in rock units
Term
Numerical Age
Definition
age of rock or event given in units of time
Term
Numerical age uses what type of dating?
Definition
Radiometric
Term
Radiometric Dating involves
Definition
Radioactive Isotopes
Term
Isotope
Definition
atoms that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
Term
Radio active isotopes
Definition
unstable isotopes that change into new elements
Term
Daughter Product
Definition
isotope produced during radioactive decay
Term
Radioactive decay
Definition
process of spontaneously change
Term
Radiation
Definition
particles and energy produced during decay is called
Term
half life
Definition
rate of decay give in terms of
Term
Half life
Definition
the time it takes for a givenamount of radioactive isotopeto decay by one-half
Term
what is always constant for a radactive isotope?
Definition
temperature and pressure
Term
What are the 4 common types of mass wasting?
Definition
Creep
Debris flow
Falls
Slides
Term
Creep
Definition
very slow, continuous downslope movement of soil and debris
Term
Debris Flows
Definition
material that acts like a liquid
Term
What are the 3 types of Debris Flow
Definition
Earth Flows
Mud FLows
Avalanches
Term
Earth flow
Definition
debris that moves downhill as a viscous fluid
Term
Mudflow
Definition
Mixtures of debris and water moving in a channel
Term
Avalanches
Definition
Rapidly moving turbulent mass of debris water and air
Term
What are the different types of falls?
Definition
Rock falls
Debris Falls
Term
Talus
Definition
pile of fallen rocks at the base of a cliff
Term
What are the different types of slides?
Definition
Rock Slides
Debris Slides
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