Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The Earth was made of what substances that came together |
|
Definition
Dust particles and stony debris |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
... accumulate to create a lumpy planetoid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The distance from the Sun beyond which water ice could condense |
|
|
Term
At the simplest division, how many layerse does the Earth have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
At the next level of detail, how many layers does the Earth have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How many types of crust exist on Earth? |
|
Definition
Two. Continental and Oceanic |
|
|
Term
How many types of lithosphere exist on Earth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is/are necessary for a planet to have a magnetic field? |
|
Definition
A convecting liquid core and sufficiently rapid rotation |
|
|
Term
What are the layers of the Earth? |
|
Definition
- Inner core
- Outer core
- Inner mantle
- Outer mantle
- Crust
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
German meteorologist, hypothesized that the continents used to fit together as a single supercontinent he named Pangea. |
|
|
Term
What major evidence exists in favor of Pangea/ super continent? |
|
Definition
Similar belts of rock, fossils, minerals, and various deposits are found on different continents where they used to fit together |
|
|
Term
Do the magnetic poles move? |
|
Definition
Yes, they are not parallel with the rotational axis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Compiled the evidence that new sea floor is created at mid-ocean ridges, moves away from the ridges, and then subducts back into the mantle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Form when sea-floor rock has the same polarity as the present (normal) magnetic field |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Form when the polarities are opposed |
|
|
Term
Magnetic anomaly stripes are created as... |
|
Definition
... the mid-ocean ridge adds new basalt to the spreading oceanic crust |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
[image]
seafloor spreading - mid ocean ridge (plates moving away from each other) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
[image]
subduction zone - trenches (plates moving into each other) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
[image]
fracture zone (plates moving past one another) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rigid and composed of the crust and upper mantle. It is brittle, faults occur here. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The highly viscous, mechanically weak and ductilely-deforming region of the upper mantle of the Earth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mantle plumes. As a plate drifts over the hotspot, a chain of extinct volcanoes (a "hot spot track") forms
e.g. - hawaiian islands |
|
|
Term
The zone of the Earth that is divided into plates is the ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The observation of magnetic anomalies that constitute magnetozones are found as far back in time as one can find appropriate rocks to measure indicates that |
|
Definition
the Earth has always had a convecting portion of its core over that time period |
|
|
Term
The Earth's ocean floor has been created and destroyed at least _______ times over the age of the planet |
|
Definition
age of the earth (4.5 billion) / ocean crust age (180 million) ~ 22.5 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mafic rock, apprx 7km, rich in Fe and Mg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Felsic, intermediate, and mafic rock. 18-40km, rich in salica |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
How the Earth's rotation changes the shape of our planet and how our planet responds to tides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Buoyancy effect determines altitute of large scale things |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(0P2) goes one way, then returns and oscillates the other way
e.g. - jello |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(0T1) oscillates back and forth
e.g. - cars |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
BODY WAVES
P-waves and S-waves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Displacement is in the direction of its motion
- e.g. - sound waves
- Gases and liquids ONLY support p waves as they are not elastic
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Displacement is perpendicular to its motion
- Move through different kind of rocks, depending on their elasticity and velocity of the wave
- P waves are always faster than S waves
- Porous rocks have a slower wave velocity
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Curved lines, depending on the density of the rock and the velocity of the wave |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Plot of temperature vs. depth within the Earth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
We know the inner core is at least partially a liquid because |
|
Definition
P waves can travel through it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the surface of uniform gravity on Earth |
|
|
Term
What do the s wave shadow zone map out? |
|
Definition
the core - mantle boundary |
|
|
Term
Seismic wave velocities in the earth... |
|
Definition
generally increase with depth
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Magma
- Asteroids bombarding the surface constantly
- Toxic atmosphere (no oxygen)
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Crusts forming (continental and oceanic)
- First signs of primitive life (single cell organisms)
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- First signs of abundant life
- Lasting almost 2 billion years
- Earth becomes a giant snowball for a while
- But it did melt eventually, and lots of life happened because of it
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- phaneros = visible, zoic = life
- Paleozoic - ancient life, Mesozoic - middle life, Cenozoic - recent life
- continents become more similar to present day
- water organisms eventually followed the bugs out of the water as flora and fauna began developing
- coal swamps
- dinos
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Displacement
- Rotation
- Distortion
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Change in location (relative to the things around it) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Change in spectral orientation (tilting) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- stress (force per unit area)
- strain (fraction of volume change)
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Stretching
- Shortnening
- Shear
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Brittle: shallower crust, rocks break by fracturing
- Ductile: higher P and T conditions which causes rocks to deform by flowing and folding
|
|
|
Term
Whether you have brittle or ductile depends on... |
|
Definition
- temperature
- pressure
- strain rate (composition)
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
occurs when the ends of an object are pulled apart, which stretches and thins the material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Develops when surfaces slide past one another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
occurs when an object feels the same stress on all sides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
normal fault reverse fault thrust fault |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the hanging wall moves down the fault slope (most common in regions experiencing crustal tenstion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the hanging wall moves up the fault slope. (most common in regions experiencing horizontal compression) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a special type of reverse fault with a dip below 35 degrees |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fault motion parallel to the strike of the fault. left lateral - opposite block moves to observer's left right lateral - opposite block moves to the observer's right |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Layered rock may be deformed into complex folds by tectonic compression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Horizontal compression causes rocks to buckle Shear causes rocks to fold over themselves
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Where hinges are lifted (elevated) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A fold with the appearance of an overturned bowl. A dome exposes older rocks in the center |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fold shaped like an upright bowl. A basin exposes younger rocks in the center. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
planar rock fractures formed from tensile stress in brittle rock
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fractures filled with minerals
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- continental collision
- convergent boundaries
- continental rifting
- delamination
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ductile rock eventually flows out from beneath high mountains, which then settle downward like soft cheese. The upper brittle crust breaks into faults. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
continental crust that hasn't been deformed in 1 Ga |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Shields: consist of Precambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks
Platforms: sedimentary cover that is draped over shield rock |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
deformation expressed as a fraction of original body geometry |
|
|
Term
If a rock has deformed by faulting this is an indication that the deformation occured in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
represent the release of energy stored as elastic deformation of rocks propagated by seismic waves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tectonic forces add stress (push, pull, or shear) to rock |
|
|
Term
Richter scale (Mr) is best used near... |
|
Definition
The epicenter. Moment Magnitude scale (Mw) is the most accurate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rupture Area* Displacement Amount * Rock Shear Strength |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
location where the fault slip occurs. It is usually on a fault surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
is the amount of movement accross a fault |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Smaller tremors indicating crack development in rock. They may warn of an impending large earthquake |
|
|
Term
Convergent plate boundaries have... |
|
Definition
shallow, intermediate, and deep earthquakes |
|
|
Term
Earthquakes cease below... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rayleigh Waves, Love Waves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
intersect the ground. Make the found ripple like water in the wind. Up and down motion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
perpendicular to the way they travel, side to side motion |
|
|
Term
Order of waves during an earthquake |
|
Definition
- Vertical P waves
- Vertical S waves (cause extensive damage)
- L waves
- R waves
|
|
|
Term
Why do earthquakes kill people? |
|
Definition
They don't. Buildings do. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Ground shaking
- Liquefaction (causes soil to lose all strength)
- Landslides and Avalanches
- Tsunamis
|
|
|
Term
Earthquakes have precursors, they are: |
|
Definition
- clustered foreshocks
- crustal strain
- level changes in wells
- gases (Rn, He) in wells
- unusual animal behaviour
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
earthquakes acting like lasers |
|
|