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| jurisdiction of courts that hear cases brought to them on appeal from lower courts. These courts do not review the factual record, only the legal issues involved |
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| lawsuits permitting a small number of people to sue on behalf of all other people similarly situated |
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| appellate courts empowered to review all final decisions of district courts, except in rare cases. In addition, they also hear appeals to orders of many federal regulatory agencies |
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| the 91 federal courts of original jurisdiction. They are the only federal courts in which no trials are held and in which juries may be empaneled |
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| a judicial philosophy in which judges make bold policy decisions, even charting new constitutional ground. Advocates of this approach emphasize that the courts can correct pressing needs, especially those unmet by the majoritarian political process |
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| a judicial philosophy in which judges play minimal policy making roes, leaving that strictly to the legislatures |
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| power of courts to determine whether acts of Congress, and by implication of the executive, are in accord with the US Constitution. Judicial review was established by John Marshall and his associates in Marbury v Madison |
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| Asserts the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the US Constitution |
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| statement of legal reasoning behind a judicial decision. The content of an opinion may be as important as the decision itself |
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| a view that the Constitution should be interpreted according to the original intent of the framers. Many conservatives support this view |
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| jurisdiction of courts that hear a case first, usually in a trial. These are the courts that determine the facts about a case |
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| how similar cases have been decided in the past |
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| supporting a fellow senator by respecting his opinion and following his suit |
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| "let the decision stand". Vast majority of cases reaching appellate courts are settled with this principle |
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| doctrine of executive privilege was implicit in the Constitution but could not be extended to protect documents relevant to criminal prosecutions |
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| What are two contradictory expectations that Americans have about the presidency? |
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| Americans want to believe in a powerful president who can do good, but dislike concentration of presidential power |
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| List a few of the president's constitutional power. |
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| National Security Powers (commander in chief). Legislative Powers (Veto legislation). Administrative Powers (enforce rule). Judicial Powers (nominate federal judges) |
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| Describe two ways which the power of the president has expanded from its constitutional base. |
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| Technology which revolutionizes aspects such as warfare and transportation. Expansion of the president's responsibilities and political resources |
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| What are two indicators of public support for the president? |
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| Approval in polls and mandates in presidential elections |
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| In what ways is the institution of the presidency undemocratic? |
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| the presidency has a large concentration of power, a trait Americans fear |
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| How does presidency increase/decrease the scope of government? |
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| Increased governmental role increases his power and responsibility which increases the the American's fear, which in turn makes them want to curb this strength |
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| How does the federal government borrow money? |
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| Treasury Department sells bonds, guaranteeing to pay interest to the bondholder |
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| What are two criticisms of a balanced budget amendment? |
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| difficult to estimate both expenditures and revenues more than a year ahead, and both Congress and president could circumvent the intent of the amendment by adjusting economic assumptions or even changing the dates of the fiscal year |
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| Name the two conditions associated with governmental growth in America. |
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| Public sector expands principally in response to the public's preferences and changes in economic and social conditions that affect the public's level of demand for government activity |
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| What is meant by the phrase "military industrial complex"? |
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| characterize the close relationship between the military hierarchy and the defense industry that supplies its hardware needs a.k relationship of the military and its suppliers |
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| What is meant by "budget resolution"? |
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| resolution binding Congress to a total expenditure level, which sets the limits on expenditures |
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| What are three possible explanations for the substantial growth in democracies? |
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| politicians spend money to "buy" votes. Equality of suffrage. Responding to groups and their demands |
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