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| The protectors of citizens from improper governmental action. |
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| The Legal or moral claims that citizens are entitled to make on the government. |
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| The ability of the court to exclude evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment |
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| The convention derived from the Supreme Court's 1966 ruling in the case of Miranda v. Arizona whereby persons under arrest must be informed of their legal rights, including their right to counsel, before undergoing police interrogation. |
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| The First Amendment clause that says, "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion." This clause means that a wall of separation exists between church and state. |
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| Rule articled in Lemon v. Kurtzman according to which governmental action in respect to religion is permissible if ti is secular in purpose, does not lead to "excessive entanglement: with religion, and neither promotes nor inhibits the practice of religion. |
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| Speech accompanied by activities such as sit-ins, picketing, and demonstrations. Protection of this form of speech under the First Amendment is conditional, and restrictions imposed by state or local authorities are acceptable if properly balanced by considerations of public order. |
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| An effort by a government agency to block the publication of material it deems libelous or harmful in some other way; censorship. In the United States the courts forbid prior restraint except under the most extraordinary circumstances. |
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| A written statement made in "reckless disregard of the truth" and considered damaging to a victim because it is "malicious, scandalous, and defamatory". |
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| If an oral statement (Liable) is made, it can be punished as ____. |
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| Speech that directly incites damaging conduct. |
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| Proceeding according to law and with adequate protection for individual rights. |
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| A jury that determines whether sufficient evidence is available to justify trial. Grand juries do not rule on the accursed's guilt or innocence. |
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| The right of the government to take private property for public use, with reasonable compensation awarded for the property. |
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| The right to be let alone, which has been interpreted by the Supreme Court to entail free access to birth control and abortions. |
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| Limits on Congress: Congress cannot make any law establishing a religion or abridging freedoms of religion exercise, speech, assembly, or petition. |
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| Limits on the Executive: The executive branch cannot infringe on the right of people to keep arms (II), cannot arbitrarily take houses for militia (III), and cannot search for or seize evidence without a court warrant swearing to the probable existence of a crime (IV). |
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| Amendments V, VI, VII, VIII |
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| Limits on the Judiciary: The courts cannot hold trials for serious offenses without provision for a grand jury (V), a trial jury (VII), a speedy trial (VI), presentation of changes and confrontation by the accused of hostile witnesses (VI), immunity from testimony against oneself, and immunity from trail more than once for the same offense (V). Furthermore, neither bail nor punishment can be excessive (VIII), and no property can be taken without "just compensation" (V). |
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| Limits on the National Government: Any rights not enumerated are reserved to the states or the people (X), and the enumeration of certain rights in the Constitution should not be interpenetrated to mean those are the only rights the people have (IX). |
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| The provision of the 14th Amendment guaranteeing citizens "the equal protection of the laws." This clause has been the basis for the civil rights of African Americans, women, and other groups. |
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| "Separate but Equal" Rule |
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| The doctrine that public accommodations could be segregated by race but still be equal. |
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| Racial segregation that is a direct result of law or official policy. |
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| Racial segregation that is not a direct result of law or government policy but is, instead, a reflection of residential patterns, income distribution, or other social factors. |
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| The test used by the Supreme Court in gender discrimination cases. Intermediate scrutiny places the burden of proof partially on the government and partially on the challengers to show that the law in question is constitutional. |
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| A police or program designed to redress historic injustices committed against specific groups by making special efforts to provide members of these groups with access to educational and employment opportunities. |
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