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| lowered pH of tissues caused as cells accumulate lactic acid when oxygen is not available for respiration, inducing fatigue, decreased ability to function, and ultimately death |
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| a protein found in cell filaments that mediates muscle contraction, cell movement, and maintains cell shape |
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| movement of substances across the plasma membrane against a concentration or electrical gradient by consuming energy (ATP) |
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| process by which food, in the absence of oxygen, is broken down outside the mitochondria into 3 carbon fragments. This less efficient ATP-producing process produces lactic acid which accumulates in cells causing acidosis |
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| an energy storing molecule produced by mitochondria |
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| processes or substances produced by cells that act back on the cells themselves |
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| that portion of the extracellular matrix that binds epithelial tissues to the interstitial matrix and supporting connective tissue |
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| the complete sequence of events that occur from one cell division to the next |
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| modified points of contact on the plasma membranes of cells that serve specialized functions |
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| the process of cell-to-cell communication mediated by signaling molecules and membrane receptors |
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| the processes by which cells transfer oxygen from food thereby producing water, carbon dioxide, and ATP that stored as an energy source |
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| decreased facilitated transport of substances that results from selective binding of transport receptors by other substances |
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| specialized tissue that holds skin and organs together and in place |
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| regulatory proteins produced by cells, principally cells of the immune system, that activate other cells to replicate and/or perform other functions |
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| division of the cytoplasm into two daughter cells during mitosis |
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| the organized complex of organic and inorganic intracellular substances inside the plasma membrane and external to the nucleus that includes the cell fluid or cytosol and organelles |
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| the network of protein filaments and microtubules in the cytoplasm that controls cell shape, maintains intracellular organization, and is involved in cell movement |
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| neutralization of the resting membrane potential of a nerve cell caused by an influx of sodium ions into the cell associated with the propagation of an electrical signal linearly on the plasma membrane |
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| cell junctions that bind cells and their cytoskeletons together to brace tissues and give the body form |
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| processes by which cells internalize external substances by engulfing them and moving them into their cytoplasm in vesicles |
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| endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
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Definition
| a complex web of cytoplasmic membranes for transporting substances between the nucleus, other organelles, and the plasma membrane |
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Definition
| tissue that covers the internal and external surfaces of the body, enclosing it and regulating the movement of external substances in and out |
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| higher animals and plants with cells that have a nucleus as well as other membrane-bound intracellular compartments |
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| process by which cells expel substances out of the cytoplasm into their surroundings by fusing vesicles with the plasma membrane |
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| extracellular matrix (ECM) |
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Definition
| a complex mixture of non-living material including proteins and carbohydrates that surround living cells and tissues providing protection and support |
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| passive mediated transport |
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| connective tissue cells that produce fibrous components of extracellular matrix like collagen and elastin |
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| the first "gap" phase of the cell cycle where there is no replication occurring. Terminally differentiated cells such as nerve cells permanently exist in this phase. |
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| The second "gap" phase of the cell cycle that follows DNA synthesis when RNA and proteins are produced preceding M or mitosis |
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| cell junctions that allow ions and other small molecules to flow between cells mediating processes such as cell-to-cell depolarization |
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| an organelle composed of layers of membranes and vesicles that modifies the structure of proteins |
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| water soluble proteins that complex with and stabilize DNA |
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| molecules either produced by cells or chemically synthesized that circulate in the blood stream and alter replication and/or function of distant cells through cell signaling |
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| glycoproteins that span across cell membranes and anchor tissue to the extracellular matrix |
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| all other stages of the cell cycle other than M or mitosis |
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| that portion of the extracellular matrix consisting of protein and carbohydrate gel that binds basement membranes to cells and tissues within the body |
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| specialized vesicles containing enzymes that digest substances |
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| the phase during the cell cycle when mitosis occurs, usually lasting approximately one hour |
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| movement of substances across the plasma membrane either actively or passively that is mediated exclusively by protein transport receptors |
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| transfer of any disease causing agent from one part of the body to another associated with the development of the same pathologic changes in the new location |
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| the organelle containing respiratory enzymes that conduct cellular respiration by a process called oxidative phosphorylation |
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| nuclear and chromosomal splitting during cell division that results in the formation of two daughter cells with essentially the same genetic complement as the parent cell |
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| specialized nerve cells that cause contraction of adjacent muscle cells during depolarization |
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| specialized tissue that provides movement necessary for body function |
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| a globular muscle protein that can consume ATP and reversibly interact with actin to cause cellular contraction by forming a complex called actomyosin |
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| specialized tissue that transmits electrical signals throughout the body |
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| hormones produced by specialized nerve cells |
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| chemicals released by depolarized nerve cells into synapses that induce depolarization of cells downstream |
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| the spherical body within the nucleus that mediates ribosome assembly |
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Definition
| the largest organelle in eukaryotes containing chromosomes and the nucleolus that directs cell division, cell function, and protein synthesis |
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Definition
| groups of organs that work together to perform a specific body function such as digestion, excretion, circulation, reproduction, etc. |
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Definition
| any cytoplasmic compartment surrounded by an internal membrane that performs a specific life function such as protein syntheses, oxidative phosphorylation, digestion of foreign particles, etc. |
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Definition
| aggregates of tissues that perform a particular body function such as digestion, hormone production, excretion, circulation, etc. |
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Term
| oxidative phosphorylation |
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Definition
| a complex chemical process that occurs on the surface of mitochondria converting food substrates into simpler molecules and storing energy in the form of ATP |
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Definition
| processes or substances produced by cells that act on adjacent cells |
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Definition
| movement of small, non-charged, lipid-soluble substances across the plasma membrane using physical forces without energy consumption |
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Definition
| a specialized form of endocytosis usually performed by white blood cells used to remove and digest foreign materials such as bacteria and tissue debris |
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Definition
| the semipermeable layer around cells; composed of inner and outer surfaces of protein surrounding a third layer of lipid that is usually covered with indentations and projections |
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| organisms such as bacteria and some algae that have cells lacking a nucleus. |
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| specialized protein structures on plasma or nuclear membranes that bind signaling molecules and mediate cell signaling |
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Definition
| reestablishment of the resting membrane potential of nerve cells by the sodium potassium pump following depolarization |
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Term
| resting membrane potential |
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Definition
| the difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of cells, a negative internal charge relative to the outside. |
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Definition
| aggregates of RNA that coat some of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and regulate protein synthesis |
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Definition
| the period during the cell cycle when DNA replication occurs |
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Definition
| molecules that bind to protein receptors on cellular membranes triggering intracellular reactions that activate genes that alter cellular growth or function |
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Definition
| spaces between nerve cells lying close together where the depolarization of one nerve cell causes release of neurotransmitters into the space that trigger depolarization of the adjacent nerve cell |
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Definition
| cell junctions that seal cells together as tissues |
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Definition
| aggregates of cells that form structures that perform specialized function such as movement, transmission of electrical signals, body structure, etc. |
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| larger, specialized vesicles formed within the cytoplasm to digest materials taken in by phagocytosis |
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| a membrane bound pouch in cells that contains substances |
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