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| William Sheldon's personality theory |
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Characterized people by relating body type to personality type
Endo (soft and spherical), meso(hard and muscular) and ecto (thin and fragile) morphy |
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| Development of psychology is due to Zeitgeist--the changing spirit of the times |
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In charge of Paris asylum in 1792
Treated humanely, wow! it worked!
Began the asylum reform |
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A disorder characterized by delusions of grandeur, mental deterioration, eventual paralysis and death.
Found to be due to syphilis. |
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Electroshock
Broke vertebrate and bones. Thought they were curing schizophrenia. |
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| 1935-1955 Schizophrenia treatment |
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Prefrontal Lobotomies
Whoops. Well. It made them easier to handle? |
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| 1950's on Schizophrenia treatment |
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Introduction of antipsychotic drugs.
Helped de-institutionalize many schizophrenics. |
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1883 Textbook--Some symptoms occur together enough that they might be considered specific types of disorders
Used clinical data to classify |
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| Id wants food, uses primary process to conjure up image, alleviates frustration |
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| Freud's reality principal |
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Definition
| The ego, or secondary process, takes objective reality into account while controlling the id |
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Conscience: what people say is improper and child is punished for
Ego ideal: What is approved of and rewarded |
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Life instincts
Hunger, thirst, sex (Libido) |
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Death instincts
An unconscious wish for the ultimate state of quiescence |
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Repression
Suppression
Projection
Reaction Formation
Rationalization
Regression
Sublimation
Displacement |
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The neurotic personality is governed by 1 of 10 needs.
Disputed Freud's Penis envy
Each need is directed toward making life bearable |
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Men actually envy women: They realize they can't bear children and play a small role in raising them, so feel inferior. "Womb envy"
Women feel inferior because of political/personal restrictions placed on them. |
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| Horney and basic anxiety and 3 strategies |
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Definition
A child's early perception of life is important. When a child has a sense of helplessness, they develop basic anxiety.
To over come anxiety they use 3 strategies:
1) Move toward people for security
2) Fight people for control
3) Withdraw from people |
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Founded by Anna Freud, she taught Erikson
She felt we needed more study of the conscious ego and how it relates to the world, the unconscious and the superego. |
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| How people's perceptions of themselves and others influence their view of and reaction to the world |
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| Klein, Kernberg, Winnicott and Mahler's personality (object relations) |
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Definition
| The first object relation, generally between infant and their primary caregivers, are vitally important in developing personality |
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Blended psychoanalytic and behaviorism.
Focused on conflicting motives in the development of personality |
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Learned helplessness
Shock dogs with high walls, then when replaced with low walls they didn't even try to jump |
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| Psychoanalysts vs Behaviorists mental disorders |
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Definition
Psycho's think symptoms are a manifestation of a disorder
Behaviors think symptoms are the disorder
Psychos think that symptom relief isn't enough because the cause is still there |
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| Beck's Cognitive therapy for depression |
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Definition
| Write down negative thoughts, figure out why they aren't justified and and come up with new cognitions |
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| Albert Ellis's rational-emotive therapy (RET) |
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Definition
People develop irrational cognitions
The therapist challenges these cognitions and helps them change them to more rational ones |
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| Psychoanalysts think that if you get rid of old symptoms, new ones will take their place |
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| Phenomenological psychologists |
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Definition
Humanists
They emphasize internal processes rather than external. Focus on what separates us from animals |
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| Kurt Lewin's Field Theory |
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Definition
Heavily influenced by Gestalt psychology
Personality can be divided up dynamically into ever-changing regions called systems |
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| When under tension or anxiety the regions within personality become diffused |
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| An individual is a scientist, devising and testing predictions about behavior of significant people in their life |
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| George Kelly's anxious person |
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| Is having problems constructing and understanding the variables in their environment |
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| In therapy an individual acquires new constructs allowing him to allow him or her to successfully predict troublesome events. Then they can assimilate these into existing constructs |
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| Humanistic vs Existential approaches to therapy |
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Humanistic facilitates exploration into a client's thoughts and feelings.
Existential include empathy toward client, as well as understanding, affirmation and positive regard. |
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| A concentration camp survivor. Thinks mental illness stems from a life of meaninglessness. |
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Used factor analysis to develop type personality theory.
Two dimensions: intro-extro and emotional stability-neuroticism.
Later added a psychoticism dimension |
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| Cardinal, central and secondary traits |
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An activity or behavior tha starts off as a mean to an end eventually turns into the end.
Start hunting to get food, get enough food and keep hunting just for fun. |
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Highlights the unique elements of an individual
Coined by Windelband
Allport called morphogenic and liked this one best |
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Focuses on similarities between all people
Allport called dimensional and felt this was the lesser |
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| The need for achievement (nACH) |
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Definition
Identified by David McClelland
People rated high in nACH are concerned with achievement and have pride in accomplishments, so avoid high risks and low risks and set realistic goals |
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Field Dependence
Someone with field dependence will be more influenced by the opinions of others cus they respond to stimuli in a diffuse manner |
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| A personality trait used to describe someone manipulative and deceitful |
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| He believes that human behavior is largely determined by the characteristics of the situation rather than by those of the person |
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| Old name for Schizophrenia |
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A symptom of Schizophrenia
A severe reduction in the intensity of affect expression |
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The pre-active schizophrenia stage.
Clear evidence of deterioration, social withdrawal, role functioning impairment, peculiar behavior, unusual experiences and inappropriate affect |
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Slow onset
Prognosis not good |
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| Onset is intense and sudden |
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| A subtype: When there has been a previous episode but positive symptoms aren't currently displayed. Some negative or disturbance might still exist. |
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As a child a person with schizophrenia received contrary messages
Mom says be affectionate, but yells when the child gets close
Child becomes anxious, disorganized messages are internalized, sees perceptions of reality as unreliable. |
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| Catecholamine theory of depression |
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Definition
Also called monoamine theory
Norepinephrine and serotonin levels fall, get depressed. Too much, mania |
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| Amnesia without a neurological condition |
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| Amnesia that accompanies a sudden, unexpected move from one's home or daily routine. May assume a new identity. |
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| Depersonalization disorder |
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| The person feels detached, like an outside observer of his or her mental processes and or behavior. Still has an intact sense of reality. |
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| Says labeling people as mentally ill is just a way to force them to change and conform to societal norms and not allow them to attack the societal causes of their problems |
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