caused by alcohol consumption in pregnant women.

   Affect is the result of drives ( innate compulsions to gratify ones needs)  Emotion can be understood by our appraisal of a stimulus, by body sensations and by displays of expressive gestures.

Personal agency, proxy agency, collective agency

 Personal agency is exercised individually using personal influence to shape environmental event’s or one’s own behavior.  Proxy agency is exercised to influence others who have greater resources to act on one’s behalf to meet needs and accomplish goals. Collective agency is exercised on the group level when people act together to meet needs and accomplish goals.

Supreme court ruling in 1989 Webster v. Reproductive Services and what it did.

The court approved a Missouri law that imposed restrictions on the use of state funds, facilities and employees in performing, assisting with or counseling on abortions.

The impact of alcohol drinking by mothers during pregnancy:

Fetal alcohol syndrome

The three categories of psychological stress: 

   Harm: a damaging event that has already occurred.  Threat: a perceived potential for harm that has not yet happened. 

Challenge: an even we a appraise as an opportunity rather than an occasion for alarm.

The stages of a crisis episode: 

         our level of tension increases sharply. 2.) We try and fail to cope, which further increases our tension and contributes to our sense of being overwhelmed. Receptive to receiving outside help during this time. 3) The crisis episode ends, either negatively (unhealthy coping) or positively ( successful management of the crisis) 3 types of crises: developmental, situational and existential.

Attribution theory

 holds that our experience of emotion is based on conscious evaluations we make about physiological sensations in particular social settings

Stress and early attachment

securely attached, anxious ambivalently, avoidantly attached

The life course perspective and what the primary view 

        looks at how chronological age, relationships, common life transitions, and social change shape people’s lives from birth to death.

How our support systems help us when we are stressed:

 emotionally, instrumental and material.

What research states about people who are poor and health?  

Persons with lower incomes are exposed to more stressors and have fewer resources for coping with stress

Emotional intelligence

What psychotropic medications do

   impact behaviors and symptoms associated with diagnoses of mental illnesses by affecting levels of specific neurotransmitters.

What synapses are

    the connection between each axon and dendrite.  It uses chemical and electrical neurotransmitters to communicate.

Problem focused coping

1   is to change the situation by acting on the environment.  This method tends to dominate when we view situations as controllable by action.

What the PIE classification system is 

1.   formally organizes the assessment of individual’s ability to cope with stress around the four factors of social functioning problems, environmental problems, mental health problems and physical health problems. Pg. 159 pink book

The basic ideas behind object relations theory

   all people seek relationships with other people. Synonymous with interpersonal relations. Considers our ability to form lasting attachments with others based on early experiences of connection

The cognitive error of magnification

creating large problems out of small ones.

Piaget and the number of stages he felt cognitive development has. 

1.   sensorimotor stage birth – 2years, preoperational 2-7, concrete operations 7-11, formal operational 11-adulthood.

Definition of turning point

Human agency

Human Agency in Making Choices: The individual life course is constructed by the choices and actions individuals take with opportunities and constraints of history and social circumstances. Use of personal power to achieve one’s goals.

What an age norm is

1.   the behaviors expected of people of a specific age in a given society at a particular time.

substances that may harm the developing organism. 18.

the ones that can have an adverse affects are radiation, infections, maternal metabolic imbalance, and drugs and envioronmental chemicals

1.   Personal or social factors that increase a likelihood of a problem occurring.

1.   healthy development in the face of risk factors.

What a cohort is

1.   a group of persons who were born during the same period of time and who experience particular social changes within a given culture in the same sequence and at the same age (ex: baby boomers, generation)

Definition of social support

1.   can be defined as the interpersonal interactions and relationships that provide us with assistance or feelings of attachment to persons we perceive as caring. Three types of social support are material, instrumental and emotional.

Definition of privilege

unearned advantage that comes from one’s position in the social structure

The cognitive error of absolute thinking

1.   viewing experiences as all good or all bad, and failing to understand that experiences can be a mixture of both.

What defense mechanisms are

1.   unconscious, automatic responses that enable us to minimize perceived threats or keep them out of our awareness entirely.

What causes down’s syndrome

caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21

Examples of risk factors that may negatively impact a child’s development:

1.   poverty, abuse, neglect, divorce

Definition of transpersonal

1.   :  the world and life is perceived as holistic and interconnected.

Howard Gardener’s 8 types of intelligence:  

1.   Linguistic, logical/mathematical, visual spatial, bodily/kinesthetic, musical, intrapersonal, interpersonal and naturalist.

Differences between Afrocentric relational theory, feminist theory, and social identity theory: 

1.   Afrocentric theory assumes a collective identity for people rather than valuing individuality.  It places great value on the spiritual or nonmaterial aspects of life. Feminist theory of relationship: psychoanalytic feminists and gender feminists.  All psychological feminist theories promote the value of relationships and the importance of the reciprocal interpersonal supports.  Social identity theory: stage of theory of socialization that articulates the process by which we come to identify with some social groups and develop a sense of difference from other social groups.  Proceeds in 5 stages Naivete: ealy childhood, acceptance: older children, resistance: adolescence or older, redefinition and internalization.

Cycles of time

1.   biological age, psychological age, social age, spiritual age.

a sense of personal competence and efficacy expectation (an expectation that one can personally accomplish a goal) play an important role in motivation and human behavior.

3 models

Personal agency- individual actor

Proxy agency- people reach goals by influencing others to act on their behalf

Collective agency- act cooperatively to reach a goal

psychodynamic perspective

behavioral perspective

humanistic perspective

transpersonal perspective

Behavior determined by unconsciousness, instinctual needs to seek pleasure and avoid pain.

main focus deals with repression and resolving instinctual conflicts by developing insight

Behavioral perspective

these therpies focus on learned habits and seek to remove symptoms through various processes of direct learning 

Behavior determined by environmental forces.

persons ability to process information about emotions accurately and effectively and consequently to regualte emotions in an optical manner

Includes self control zest and persistence abiltiy to motivate oneself  ability to understand and regualte ones own emotions the ability to read and deal effectively with other peoples emotions

religious and spiritual beliefs are part of multicultural diversity, SW should have knowledge and skills in this area in order to work effectively with diverse client groups

There is another dimension of human existence beyond the biopyschosocial framework that can be used to understand human behaviord. SW education should expand this framework to include the spiritual dimension

Take in account race and ethnicity, sex and gender, sexual orientation

use of life events to measure stress is based on the assumption that major changes involved losses and disrupt behavioral problems

more recently it has been measured as daily hassles and these take a greater toll on our coping capacities than relativley rare life events

As SW always be alert to the social nature of stress and important to change societal conditions that create stress and toward the management of ourselves as persons who respond to stress

Challenges are the possible health risks that it can cause and also prematurity is the leading cause for illness and death in obstetrics Late preterm births have risks of neurodevelpment problems, feeding and respiratory diffulties, and poor temp regulation

Attachment issues inlvolve parents not wanting to get close to the child due to the fear that the child might die also being in the NICU the parents do not have the same opportunity to bond.