A) right common carotid

B) right subclavian artery

C) aorta

D) left common carotid

E) left subclavian

F) clavicle 

[image]

A) internal carotid artery

B) external carotid artery

C) carotid sinus

D) common carotid artery

[image]

[image]

external carotid branches

These are the anterior branches of the external carotid artery. They are:

A) facial artery

B) lingual artery

C) superior thyroid artery

Superior thyroid atery

Lingual artery

• anterior branch from the external carotid artery
• arrises above the superior thyroid artery at the level of the hyoid bone
• travels anteriorly to the apex of the tongue
• has 4 branches, the dorsal lingual, deep lingual, sublingual and suprahyoid branches
• branches supplies the tissues superior to the hyoid bone including the suprahyoid, and floor of the mouth 
• the tongue is also supplied by the branches of the lingual artery, specifically the smaller dorsal lingual branches, the deep lingual artery, and the terminal portion of the lingual artery

Mnemonic for External carotid artery branches 
 
"Some Aggressive Lovers Find Odd Positions More Stimulating"

Superior thyroid
Ascending pharyngeal
Lingual
Facial
Occiptal
Posterior auricular
Maxillary
Superficial temporal

Mnemonic for Superior thyroid artery branches

"May I Softly Squeeze Charlie's Girl?" 

Muscular
Infrahyoid
Superior
 laryngeal
Sternomastoid
Cricothyroid
Glandular

Mnemonic for Maxillary artery branches

"DAM I AM Piss Drunk But Stupid Drunk I Prefer, Must Phone Alcoholics Anonymous"

Deep auricular
Anterior tympanic
Middle meningeal
Inferior alveolar
Accessory meningeal
Masseteric 
Pterygoid 
Deep temporal
Buccal
Sphenopalatine
Descending palatine
Infraorbital
Posterior superior alveolar
Middle superior alveolar
Pharyngeal 
Anterior superior alveolar
Artery of the pterygoid canal

• mylohyoid
• sublingual
• sublingual salivary gland
• mucous membranes of the floor of the mouth

Facial artery

• final anterior branch from the external carotid artery
• arises slightly superior to the lingual artery as it branches off anteriorly
• sometimes shares a common trunk with the lingual artery
• complicated path running medial to the mandible, over the submandibular salivary gland and then around the mandibles inferior border to its lateral side. From there it runs anteriorly and superiorly near the angle of the mouth and along the side of the nose, where it terminates at the medial canthus of the eye.
• supplies the face in the oral, buccal, zygomatic, nasal, infraorbital, and orbital regions.
• the major branches of the facial artery are the ascending palatine, glandular branches, submental, inferior labial, superior labial, and angular arteries

Ascending palatine artery

• first branch from the facial artery
• supplies the soft palate, palatine muscles, and palatine tonsils
• can be the source of the serious blood loss or hemorrhage that may occur if injured during tonsillectomy

Submental artery

• branch of the facial artery
• supplies the submandibular lymph nodes, submandibular salivary gland, mylohyoid and digastric muscles

Superior labial artery

• branch of the facial artery
• supplies the upper lip tissues 

Inferior labial artery

• branch of the facial artery
• supplies the lower lip including muscles of facial expression such as the depressor anguli oris

angular artery

• termination of the facial artery
• supplies the tissues along the side of the nose

[image]

external carotid branches

ascending phyaryngeal artery

• the only small medial branch off the external carotid
• arises close to the origion of the external carotid
• cannot be seen in most lateral views of the head/neck
• has many small branches such as the pharyngeal branches and meningeal branches
  
• branches supply the pharyngeal walls (where they anastomose with the ascending palatine artery), soft palate, and meninges of the brain.

[image]

external carotid branches

A) occipital artery

B) posterior auricular artery

posterior auricular artery

•  posterior branch of the external carotid artery
• arises superior to the occipital artery and stylohyoid muscle about the level of the tip of the styloid process
•  auricular branch supplies the internal ear
• stylomastoid artery (branch) supplies the mastoid air cells   

• posterior branch of the external carotid artery
• passes upward behind the ascending ramus of the mandible and travels to the posterior portion of the scalp
• supplies the suprahyoid and SCM mucles, scalp and meningeal tissues in the occiptal region
• muscle branches include the SCM, auricular, and meningeal branches 

[image]

external carotid branches

A) superficial temporal artery

B) maxillary artery

superficial temporal artery

• the smaller terminal branch of the external carotid artery
• arises within the partid salivary gland
• branches into the transverse facial artery, middle temporal artery, frontal branch, and parietal branch
• the transverse branch supplies the parotid salivary gland duct and nearby facial tissues
• the middle temporal branch supplies the temporalis muscle
• the frontal and parietal branch both supply portions of the scalp in the frontal and parietal regions

maxillary artery

• the larger terminal branch of the external carotid artery
• begins at the neck of the mandibular condyle within the parotid salivary gland
• runs between the mandible and the sphenomandibular ligament anteriorly and superiorly through the infratemporal fossa
• runs either superficial or deep to the lateral pterygoid muscles
• after going through the infratemporal fossa the maxillary artery enters the pterygopalatine fossa (which is deep and inferior to the eye)
• Within the infratemporal fossa the maxillary artery branches off into the middle meningeal artery, inferior alveolar artery, and several arteries to muscles
  
• other major branches of the maxillary artery include the deep temporalis, pterygoids, masseteric, buccal, posterior superior alveolar (PSA), infraorbital, greater palatine, and the sphenopalatine ateries

maxillary arteries and branches

a) sphenopalatine atery -terminal branch of the max atery

b) infraorbital artery

c) posterior superior alveolar artery (PSA)

d) anterior superior alveolar artery (ASA)

e) dental and alveolar branches of the superior alveolar artery

f) dental and alveolar branches of the incisive artery

g) incisive artery

h) mental branch of the inferior alveolar artery

i) middle meningeal artery

 j) maxillary artery

k) masseteric artery

l) pterygoid arteries 

m) buccal artery

n) mylohyoid artery-branch of the inferior alveolar 

o) inferior alveolar artery

middle meningeal artery

• supplies the meninges of the brain
• assosicated foramen: spinosum

inferior alveolar artery

• arises from the maxillary artery in the infratemporal fossa
• turns inferiorly to enter the mandibular foramen and then the mandibular canal
• supplies the mandibular posterior teeth
• major branches: mylohyoid, menta and incisive arteries
• minor branches: dental and alveolar arteries

• mylohyoid- before entering mandibular canal
• mental and incisive- within the canal 

mylohyoid artery

• branch of the inferior alveolar artery
• supplies the floor of the mouth and the mylohyoid muscle
• travels in the mylohyoid groove on the inner surface of the mandible

mental artery

• arises from inferior alveolar artery
• exits the mandibular canal via the mental foramen
• supplies the tissues of the chin
• anastomoses with the inferior labial artery (branch of the facial artery)

incisive artery

• branches off the inferior alveolar artery
• remains in the mandibular canal (no associated foramen)
• divides into dental and alveolar branches

muscle branches of the maxillary artery

a) deep temporal arteries

b) masseteric artery

c) pterygoid arteries

d) buccal artery

•  supply their corresponding muscles
• all accompany braches of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (5th cranial)

[image]

just to put it all in the big picture

[image]

just to see how they all come together

posterior superior alveolar artery (PSA)

• arises from the maxillary artery as it leaves the infratemporal fossa and enters the pterygopalatine fossa
• supplies the maxillary teeth
• enters the posterior superior alveolar foramina on the maxillary tuberosity
• branches into dental and alveolar arteries
• anastomoses with the anterior superior alveolar artery

infraorbital artery

• branches from the maxillary artery in the pterygopalatine fossa
• associated foramen: inferior orbital fissure, infraorbital foramen
• travels through the infraorbital canal
• supplies the orbit
• branches into the anterior superior alveolar artery
• anastomosis with the facial artery

anterior superior alveolar artery

• arises from the infraorbital artery
• gives off dental and alveolar branches
• anastomoses with the posterior superior alveolar artery
• supplie the anterior maxillary teeth

a) greater palatine artery

b) lesser palatine artery

• branches of the maxillary artery
• associated foramen: greater and lesser palatine foramina
• travels through the pterygopalatine canal
• supplies the hard and soft palate

sphenopalatine artery

• terminal branch of the maxillary artery
• branches: posterior lateral nasal artery, septal atery, nasopalatine artery
  
• supplies the nasal cavity
• associated foramen: incisive foramen
  

thickening and toughening of arterial walls

[image]

• backflow of blood into the ventricle
• no longer a pre-med requirement[image]
• http://www.heart-valve-surgery.com/Images/mitral-regurgitation-stenosis-animation.gif (link to animation of this picture)

bacteria traveling in the blood stream

the most reliable pulse; palpated from the carotid artery

• When the common carotid artery is palpated against the larynx, the most reliable arterial pulse of the body can be  felt. If the anterior border of the SCM is rolled posteriorly at the level of the thyroid cartilage of the larnyx the carotid pulse can be felt in this groove. It is the most reliable bc the common carotid is a major artery supplying the brain therefore in an emergency situation it remains palpable where as peripheral arteries may not. 

foreign material or thrombus traveling in the blood that can block the vessel

 a bruise that results when a blood vessel is injured and a small amount of blood escapes into the surrounding tissue and clots

 a clot that forms on the inner blood vessel wall

• left- arises directly from the aorta
• right- branch of the brachiocephalic artery (which is a direct branch of the aorta)
• Branchless as it travels up the neck, lateral to the trachea and larynx up to the border of the thyroid cartilage
• Ends by dividing into the internal and external carotid arteries about the level of the larynx 

what tissues are supplied by the mental artery?

*branch of the maxillary artery

what tissues are supplied by the incisive artery?

*branch of the maxillary artery

what tissues are supplied by the deep temporal arteries?

*muscle branch of the maxillary artery

what tissues are supplied by the pterygoid arteries?

*muscle branch of the maxillary artery

what tissue is supplied by the masseteric artery?

*muscle branch of the maxillary artery

what tissues are supplied by the buccal artery?

*muscle branch of the maxillary artery

what tissues are supplied by the posterior superior alveolar artery?

*branch of the maxillary artery

what tissue does the infraorbital artery supply?

*branch of the maxillary artery

what tissues does the anterior superior alveolar artery supply?

*branch of the infraorbital artery which is a branch of the maxillary artery

what tissues do the greater and lesser palatine arteries supply?

*branch of the maxillary artery

what tissues does the sphenopalatine artery supply?

*branch of the maxillary artery

what foramen is associated with the middle meningeal artery?

*branch of max artery

what foramen is associated with the inferior alveolar artery?

*branch of max artery

through what boney area does the mylohyoid artery travel?

*branch of inferior alveolar artery which is branch of max artery

what is the associated forament of the mental artery?

*branch of inferior alveolar artery which is branch of max artery

what is the associated foramen of the incisive artery?

*branch of max artery

what is the associated foramen of the posterior superior alveolar artery?

*branch of max artery

what is the associated foramen of the infraorbital artery?

*branch of max artery

• inferior orbital fissure, infraorbital foramen
• Travels through infraorbital canal

what are the associated foramen of the greater and lesser palatine arteries?

*branches of max artery

• greater and lesser palatine foramina
• travels through pterygopalatine canal

what is the associated foramen of the sphenopalatine artery?

*branch of max artery

• inferior alveolar artery (branch of max artery)
• incisive artery (branch of inferior alveolar artery, which is a branch of the max artery)
• posterior superior alveolar artery (branch of max artery)
• anterior superior alveolar artery (branch of infraorbital artery, which is a branch of the max artery)

• dental and alveolar branches of the inferior alveolar artery
• branch of the max artery

• dental and alveolar branches of the incisive artery
• branch of the inferior alveolar which is a branch of the max artery

• dental and alveolar branches of the posterior superior alveolar artery
• branch of max artery

• dental and alveolar branches of the anterior superior alveolar artery
• branch of infraorbital artery, which is a branch of the maxillary artery

•The mental artery anastomoses w/ the inferior labial artery – a branch of the facial artery.