Term
| HSV primary infection targets what age demographic most frequently? |
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Definition
| Children between 2 and 4 years old |
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Term
| What test is used to diagnose HSV? |
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Definition
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Term
| CMV oral infections tend to present in what type of patients? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two key predisposing factors to thrush on the palate? |
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Definition
1. prolonged treatment with antibiotics or corticosteroids
2. AIDS |
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Term
| When you see mucormycosis, what should be your reflex reaction as to what other illness this person has? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is mucormycosis considered to be a surgical emergency-type condition? |
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Definition
| It's very angio-invasive and can kill someone very rapidly if not treated |
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Term
| Hairy leukoplakia is typically located where in the mouth? |
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Definition
| On the lateral aspect of the tongue |
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Term
| In what type of patients is hairy leukoplakia mainly seen? |
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Definition
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Term
| Someone comes to clinic and presents with a very erythematous tongue that contains pustulous areas? What disease does the patient probably have? |
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Definition
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Term
| Koplik's spots are typically located where in the mouth, and in what disease do they inevitably appear? |
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Definition
| They appear adjacent to the parotid duct on the buccal membranes and are confirmation of measles |
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Term
| [image]A patient comes to clinic with marked lymphoid hypertrophy of the tonsils, which also contain purulent exudate. What are you thinking? |
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Definition
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Term
| Diphtheria is characterized as having a pseudomembrane that can potentially kill the patient. What is it, and why is it so dangerous? |
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Definition
| The pseudomembrane is a grayish, false membrane that consists of fibrin, bacteria, and leukocytes. It can potentially constrict the airway and restrict the patient's ability to breathe. |
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Term
| What is the percentage of leukoplakia cases that are malignant? |
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Definition
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Term
| 95% of head and neck cancers are of what type? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the long-term survival for HNSCC? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are some factors that predispose one to HNSCC? |
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Definition
| tobacco use (smoked and smokeless): alcohol consumption; Male gender; HPV |
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Term
| From most likeley to least likely, what are 4 possible places where HNSCC can form? |
|
Definition
1. floor of the mouth
2. ventral part of the tongue
3. soft palate and gingiva
4. base of the tongue |
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Term
What do SCC's tend to infiltrate first? |
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Definition
| Locally, they infiltrate the cervical lymph nodes |
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Term
| What viruses are common in infectious rhinitis? |
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Definition
| adenovirus, rhinovirus, and echovirus |
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Term
| Nasal polyps, histologically speaking, can be described as featuring what? |
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Definition
| edematous mucosa with loose stroma and inflammatory cells |
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Term
| Strep sore throats raise the potential for what two diseases? |
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Definition
| rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis |
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Term
| Normally when we identify ulcerative, necrotizing lesions in the upper airway, we think mucormycosis/diabetes, but what other disease present this set of appearances? |
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Definition
| Wegener's Granulomatosis and neoplasm of natural killer cells |
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Term
| A patient comes to you with complaints regarding her oral cavity. You do an examination and a biopsy. You find septae hyphae and fruiting bodies. What disease is likely? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is nasopharyngeal angiofibroma consisted of and what demographic is it more common in? |
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Definition
| It consists of fibrous tissue and blood vessels and is found in young men. |
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Term
| Even though nasopharyngeal angiofibroma is traditionally benign, why do we still treat it carefully? |
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Definition
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Term
| Sinonasal papillomas consist of what three main types? |
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Definition
| septal (most common), inverted, and exophytic |
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Term
| What is the 5 year survival rate for olfactory neuroblastoma? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most effective treatment against olfactory neuroblastoma? |
|
Definition
| combination of radiation and surgery |
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Term
| What are the geographic hot spots for nasopharyngeal carcinoma? |
|
Definition
| Africa and Southern China |
|
|
Term
| What virus is nasopharyngeal carcinoma commonly associated with? |
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Definition
|
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Term
What are the three pathologic subsets of nasopharyngeal carcinoma? |
|
Definition
| keratinizing, nonkeratinizing, and undifferentiated (Lymphoepithelioma) |
|
|
Term
| How do primary nasopharyngeal carcinomas tend to present? |
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Definition
| Since they are often clinically occult for a long period of time, they present as metastases in the cervical lymph nodes in as many as 70% of the patients |
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Term
| What is the most common disorder that affects the larynx? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammatory narrowing of the airway produces the inspiratory stridor (laryngotracheobronchitis) |
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Term
| In which type of people will you find reactive nodules developing on the vocal cords? |
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Definition
| smokers or people who place great strain on their vocal cords (like singers) hence the name "singer's nodules" |
|
|
Term
| Describe the histology for reactive nodules (singer's nodules)? |
|
Definition
| smooth, rounded with excrescences composed of myxoid connective tissue and covered by squamous epithelium |
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Term
| Multiple recurring papillomas are linked to what viruses? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the histology of squamous papilloma. |
|
Definition
| multiple slender, finger-like projections supported by central fibrovascular cores and covered by an orderly stratified squamous epithelium |
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Term
| Each year, what percentage of high grade dysplasia transform to malignancy of the larynx (carcinoma)? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are the two major risk factors for laryngeal carcinoma? |
|
Definition
| alcohol abuse and smoking |
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|
Term
| What are some of the minor factors that contribute to increased risk of laryngeal carcinoma? |
|
Definition
| asbestos, radiation, HPV, nutrition |
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|
Term
| The vast majority of laryngeal carcinomas are of what type? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where in the larynx does the carcinoma typically develop? |
|
Definition
| on the vocal cords (but can arise above or below the cords, on the epiglottis or aryepligottic folds, or in the pyriform sinuses) |
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|
Term
| What percentage of laryngeal carcinomas end in death due to disease? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| At presentation, what percentage of laryngeal carcinoma is confined to the larynx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clinically speaking, how does carcinoma of the larynx manifests itself? |
|
Definition
| persistent hoarseness, later followed by pain, dysphagia, and hemoptysis |
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|
Term
| Nasapharyngeal carcinomas, undifferentiated type, on histology are commonly described as having what type of appearance? |
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Definition
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Term
| If a cyst is located laterally, it is more likely to be a branchial cleft or a thyroglossal duct? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| A branchial cleft cyst is likely be a remnant of fetal development or what else? |
|
Definition
| a salivary gland inclusion in a cervical lymph node |
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|
Term
| A branchial cleft cyst will often contain what? |
|
Definition
Clear watery, to mucinous contents or desquamated, granular cellular debris |
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Term
| What syndrome is characterized by familial, autosomal dominant transmission of paraganglioma? |
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Definition
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Term
| What percentage of paragangliomas are fatal, and why? |
|
Definition
| ultimately 50% of paragangliomas will be fatal due to the extent of infiltration |
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Term
| In paragangliomas, there are alterations of genes encoding what? |
|
Definition
| subunits of mitochondrial respiration |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common site where paragangliomas form? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Histologically speaking, paragangliomas are chiefly composed of what? |
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Definition
| nests of round to oval chief cells that are surrounded by delicate vascular septae (nests referred to as Zellballen); tumor cells contain abundant, clear or granular, eosinophilic cytoplasm and uniform, round to ovoid, sometimes vesicular nuclei |
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|
Term
| What is the most common lesion of the salivary gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What term refers to a mucocele with damage to the duct of the sublingual gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| either blockage or rupture of a salivary gland duct with consequent leakage of saliva into the surrounding connective tissue stroma (most often found on the lower lip) |
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|
Term
| What are the two most common benign salivary gland tumors? |
|
Definition
| pleomorphic adenoma (50%) and Warthin tumor |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common malignant salivary gland tumor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pleomorphic adenomas, because of their remarkable histologic diversity, are also called by what other name? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pleomorphic adenomas represent what % of tumors in the parotid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Warthin tumors are always located where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is the age of onset of the Warthin tumor? |
|
Definition
| 5th to 7th decade of life |
|
|
Term
| 60-70% of mucoepidermoid tumors occur where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do the survival rates differ between low and high-grade mucoepidermoid carcinomas? |
|
Definition
| the low-grade type has a 5-year survival rate of 90% while the high grade number is 50%/ plus 30% of high grade tumors are invasive |
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|
Term
| What is the growth pattern of adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC)? |
|
Definition
| It is slow but relentless (doesn't stop) |
|
|
Term
| 50% of ACC's are found where? |
|
Definition
| In the minor salivary glands of the palate |
|
|
Term
| What phenomenon is very common in ACC's? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Histologically, how are cells of ACC's disposed? |
|
Definition
| In tubular, solid, or cribriform patterns |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of Warthin tumors are bilateral? |
|
Definition
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