Term
| What are the 4Cs of measles? |
|
Definition
coryza (runny nose)
conjunctivitis
clinician suspects measles
Koplik’s spots (white spots in mouth unique to measles) |
|
|
Term
| What is the leading cause of death amongst young children? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| how is measles transmitted? |
|
Definition
| human <-> human air-borne transmission, meaning if everyone was vaccinated it would be eradicated |
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|
Term
| What are the objectives of relief programmes? |
|
Definition
reduce morbidity and mortality
build on local capacities, integrating into existing systems (main objective is not building better!)
fill gap between vital needs and what community can provide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
5L of water/person/day
2100 calories
3m of shelter
basic health care |
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|
Term
|
Definition
pre-emergency
impact and flight
acute emergency
situation: basic needs not covered, high crude mortality rate, risk of epidemics, malnutrition
post-emergency
repatriation
rehabilitation/reconstruction |
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|
Term
| Ten priorities in an acute emergency |
|
Definition
rapid initial assessment
measles immunization
water and sanitation
food and nutrition
shelter and site planning
health care
control of epidemics
public health surveillance
human resource management
coordination |
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|
Term
| What is an assessment? What are its goals? |
|
Definition
gathers information for analysis, and provides a basis planning and implementing the emergency operation
confirm emergency/scale, describe, measure potential impact, find priorities
needs to be speedy and accurate: half the whole picture is better than a whole of the half picture! |
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|
Term
| what are the complications of measles? |
|
Definition
| complications (5-10% of cases): blindness, heart, throat, and ear problems, secondary: malnutrition |
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|
Term
|
Definition
target population: 6-15 months
add vitamin A
easy and quick: 10 people can vaccinate over 1,000 children in one day |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| rest, nursing, and diet; vitamin A |
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|
Term
| what diseases are related to access to water (amounts) |
|
Definition
absolute minimum: 1L/person/day
less than 3L: death
less than 10: diarrhea
less than 15: scabies
how to make safe drinking water? chlorine
maximum distance for collection: 500 m, and 2 clean collecting containers/household
250 g soap/person/month
potable water: no pathogens, is clear, not salty, no colour, odour, taste, etc.
quantity over quality |
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|
Term
| what are the 7 sections of WASH? |
|
Definition
policy
hygiene promotion
water supply
excreta disposal
vector control
solid waste management
drainage |
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|
Term
| what is the criteria for site selection? |
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Definition
| criteria for site selection: security, water, accessibility, slope for water drainage |
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|
Term
| what are primary and secondary morbidity? |
|
Definition
primary morbidity: trauma caused by impact, before humanitarians can come
secondary morbidity: epidemics |
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|
Term
| what are the sources of epidemics? |
|
Definition
| sources: brought with refugees, present in environment then transferred to population, or due to conditions (i.e. overcrowding) |
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|
Term
| what data is needed for public health surveillance? |
|
Definition
| demography, mortality, morbidity, basic needs, and programme activities |
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|
Term
| what is a respiratory tract infection? |
|
Definition
most common serious illness in childhood (1/3 of children worldwide under 1)
upper RTI: sore throat/cough, unlikely to cause death but can weaken child
lower RTI: pneumonia |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| any animal/arthropod capable of carrying disease pathogens from one host to another |
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|
Term
| what are prevention and control programmes? |
|
Definition
purpose: source reduction, prevent transmission, protect the vulnerable, and continue surveillance
types: personal, medical, environmental, health promotion
examples of malaria control: indoor DDT spray, bed nets, etc. |
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|
Term
| what is a water-borne disease? |
|
Definition
caused by ingestion of water contaminated by excrement or pollution
examples: cholera, typhoid |
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|
Term
| what is a water-washed disease? |
|
Definition
caused by poor personal hygiene and contact with contaminated water
examples: scabies, typhus |
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|
Term
| what is a water-based disease? |
|
Definition
caused by parasites in organisms living in contaminated water
example: guinea worm |
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|
Term
| what is a water-related disease? |
|
Definition
caused by insect vectors that breed or feed near contaminated water
examples: malaria, dengue |
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|
Term
| what are the waste standards? |
|
Definition
latrines: max 20 people/toilet, no more than 50m from dwelling
solid waste: no more than 100m from house to refuse pit |
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|
Term
| what are the SPHERE WASH standards? |
|
Definition
hygiene promotion
water supply
excreta disposal
vector control
solid waste management
drainage |
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|
Term
| in what kind of communities are most cholera outbreaks? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| food/water, contaminated hands, cholera treatment centers (well family can get sick), corpse of a cholera patient (during funeral) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| changes body to pump out water instead of taking it in |
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|
Term
| what is the treatment for cholera? |
|
Definition
drink a lot (alone if able or via IV), recovery in about two days
1L water, 1 spoon of salt, 8 spoons of sugar |
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|
Term
| what are the steps in a cholera outbreak? |
|
Definition
report to local authorities
early case finding and contact tracing
establish treatment centers (expected cases: 5% of population)
Red Cross cholera kit (15,000e for 625 treatments)
health education
sanitation/waste management
safe water supply
food safety
disinfection/disposal of dead bodies |
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|
Term
| why is the cholera vaccine |
|
Definition
| potent vaccine but needs to be ingested twice in a week and very expensive, valid only for a few years |
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|
Term
| what is the definition of epidemic? |
|
Definition
| needs to be more cases than you’d expect (so for measles, 1 case is an epidemic), in a certain area and in a certain space of time |
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|
Term
| what is the definition of endemic? |
|
Definition
| when a disease is found in a certain area year-round |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| an epidemic that spreads all over the world |
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|
Term
| what are some different modes of transmission? |
|
Definition
person -> person (air, blood, sexual, oral, fecal)
environment -> person (food/water, surface)
animal -> person (vectors) |
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|
Term
| why may there be a rapid decline in an epidemic? |
|
Definition
maybe vector in decline due to temperature
maybe everyone who could possibly get sick already did |
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|
Term
| how long did the ICRC field hospital in Haiti take to be set up? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a massive threat after natural disasters? what is over-estmated? |
|
Definition
| surgery over-estimed, infectious/communicable diseases a huge threat |
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|
Term
| by when are casualities back to normal following a natural disaster? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do you treat children with a broken leg? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name some common surgeries in humanitarian settings |
|
Definition
| c-section, chest-lung injuries, fractures, wounds and burns |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| barriers and vaccines, health promotion, case management |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| infertility, infection, cancer, AIDS, death |
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|
Term
| what should you do if someone has TB? |
|
Definition
| do not treat unless you can do so for at least 6 months, otherwise they will become resistant |
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|
Term
| HIV in ... disaster preparedness |
|
Definition
| traning for staff, policy development |
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|
Term
| HIV in ... needs-assessment |
|
Definition
| prevalence assessment, provision of supplies, communities design response |
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|
Term
| HIV in ... immediate response stage |
|
Definition
| training, condoms, protection |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| counseling, treatment, improvement |
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|
Term
| what is the link between emergenices and HIV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ?hat are some examples of minimum support for those with HIV/ |
|
Definition
| information, medical care, counselling, legal aid, et. |
|
|
Term
| what do successful HIV interventions have? |
|
Definition
| early, human rights, participation of target group, promotion of prevention |
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|
Term
| what are early signifiers of HIV? |
|
Definition
| diarrhea, ulcers, fever for more than a month, weaight loss |
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|
Term
| what are the four transmission modes of HIV? |
|
Definition
| sexual, vertical, blood transfusion, iatrogenic |
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|
Term
| standards in HA for assessments |
|
Definition
| participation, initial assessment, response, targeting, monitoring, evaluation, responsibility, management (pirt merm) |
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|
Term
| if you see malaria or dengue or any outbreak, what do you do? |
|
Definition
| ask if it is frequent, invite an expert, design a strategy |
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|
Term
| what is the project cycle of diseases in disaster? why is it important? |
|
Definition
disaster -> assess -> analysis -> plan, design, redesign -> implement -> monitor/evaluate -> back to analysis
analysis! |
|
|
Term
| waht are some determining factors of epidemics? |
|
Definition
| social, environmental, hygienic, etc |
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|
Term
| WHO definition of health: |
|
Definition
| physical, mental, and social well-being |
|
|
Term
| what is the definition of a health system? |
|
Definition
| combination of resources, organisation, funding, and management that come together in the delivery of health services to a population |
|
|
Term
| six building blocks of a health system from WHO |
|
Definition
| leadership/governance, information, financing, service provision, health workforce, medicines and technology (lifshm) |
|
|
Term
| what are the key components of health systems? |
|
Definition
| policy, community, management, environment, individuals/families, direct cervices |
|
|
Term
| what are the objectives of a health system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how can we measure health? |
|
Definition
| mortality, life expectancy, morbidity, expenditure of health service, availability of services |
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|
Term
| primary health care definition |
|
Definition
| essential healthcare based on practical and socially acceptable methods made accessible to all families in a community at a cost they can afford |
|
|
Term
| what are the 8 elements of primary healthcare? |
|
Definition
| health promotion, food security, safe water, maternal and child care/family planning, immunization, disease control, first line care (hey fat smidf) |
|
|
Term
| what are the 7 principles of primary healthcare? |
|
Definition
needs orientation
systems approach
intersectorality
community participation
community based
integration, family, and community
decentralisation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| right to standard of living, adequate health and well being |
|
|
Term
| according to the UN Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, who has the responsibility to ensure safe drinking water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the standards for how far water should be? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drinkable but remember: all water has viral matter! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| low incentive to save/protect it, low investment in treatment/distribution, maintenance would suffer |
|
|
Term
| what are some of the health effects of climate change? |
|
Definition
| rise in temperature, rise in precipitation, rise in malnutrition, rise in extreme weather and related deaths, rise in diarrheal diseases from scarcity of water |
|
|
Term
| what are the most common diseases in refugee camps? |
|
Definition
| diarrhea, measles, cholera, respiratory diseases, malaria, meningitis, worms, tetanus, TB, typhus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| live or inactivated substance capable of producing an immune response put into body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produced by vaccine, lasts a long time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produced by transfer of antibody, temporary protected |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| weakened form of 'wild' vires, very fragile (example: measles) |
|
|
Term
| what should you pre-screen for to avoid reactions in vaccines? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| more than one dose needed, may not be permanent (cholera) |
|
|
Term
| should pregnant women be given live vaccines/ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can you vaccinate against diarrhea? |
|
Definition
| no general vaccine but others that can affect, cause can be viral or bacterial |
|
|
Term
| where is meningitis a concern? |
|
Definition
| crowded area (i.e. mecca) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bacterial, muscle spams, need vaccine, especially pregnant women |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| western hemisphere is polio free, transmission is fec-al oral, result is paralysis but careufl with vaccine because virus is present in stool for some time after |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bacterial, high fever, headache, raash, eventually death, inactive vaccine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transmission wia body fluids of an infected person, viral, non-specific symptoms, people can be carriers without having symtpoms, there is a vaccine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| viral, oral transmission, virus present in blood and feces after infection, children often asymptomatic, effect inactive vaccine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| always fatal, transmitted via bite of an infected animal, vaccine can be given immediately after exposure but is expensive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spread by mosquitos, inactivated viral vaccine needs two doses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transmission: infected mosquitos, symptoms: fever, janudice, vaccine especially for pregnant women, problemtatic vaccine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no vaccine, so prevention important |
|
|
Term
| definition of public health |
|
Definition
| combination of sciences, skills and beliefs directed at the maintenance and improvement of the health of the people through collective and social actions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| preparation of killed microorganisms, living organisms admistured to produce immunity to a particular disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| time from the infection to the outbreak of an infectious disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| number of deaths in a population, normally measures by 100,000 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| likelihood to get a certain disease within a given population (measured by 100,000) |
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 Pand C measures? |
|
Definition
| source reduction, prevent transmission, protect vulnerable, surveillance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| individuals who bring a disease into a population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| individuals affected by priamry case |
|
|
Term
| what is the main data to be collected for public health? |
|
Definition
| demography, mortality, morbidity, basic needs, and programme activities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| number of people who fall ill with a certain disease during a time period (normally 1 year) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| number of existing cases at a specific time |
|
|
Term
| what are some solid waste management indicators/ |
|
Definition
| no houses more than 100 m from refuse pit, medical waste seperate, 100L refuse container per 10 families |
|
|
Term
| what are some public health measures? |
|
Definition
| hygiene education, good nutrition, improvements in sanitation, infrastructure, surveillance |
|
|
Term
| what are some characteristics of potable water? |
|
Definition
| no pathogens, low concentration of toxins, low turbidity, not salty, not corrosive, no colour odor or taste |
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