Term
2. List and explain the layers of the heart.
a. What is the pericardium and Pericardial fluid?
b. What is a serous membrane?
c. Where is the myocardium? What does myo mean? |
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Definition
Pericardum: double walled sac that contains pericardial fluid made by the visceral layer to reduce friction.
a serous membrane is a smooth membrane which secrete serous fluid.
Myocardium is muscle tissue surrounding the heart.
Myo - Muscle |
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Term
2. List and explain the layers of the heart.
d. Which layers does the contracting for the heart?
e. Where is the endocardium? |
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Definition
Myocardium
The endocardium is the innermost layer of tissue that lines the chambers of the heart. |
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Term
Be able to explain the functions and the location of the structures of the heart. Remember, the heart has 4 chambers and 4 valves.
a. Which chambers are the receiving chambers?
b. Which chambers are discharging or pumping chambers?
c. Which chamber has a thicker myocardium?
d. Which valves are called the AV valves? |
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Definition
Atrium
Ventricles
Left Ventricle
Bicuspid and Tricuspid |
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Term
3. Be able to explain the functions and the location of the structures of the heart. Remember, the heart has 4 chambers and 4 valves.
e. Where is the tricuspid valve? Why is this valve called the tricuspid valve?
f. Where is the mitral valve? Is there another name for this valve?
g. What is mitral valve prolapse?
h. Where are the semi lunar valves? How do they close? |
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Definition
Right Atrium, The normal tricuspid valve usually has three leaflets and three pappilary muscles
Left atrium, bicuspid
a valvular heart disease characterized by the displacement of an abnormally thickened mitral valve leaflet into the left atrium during systole.
aorta and the pulmonary artery, they close with pressure |
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Term
4. Be able to explain blood flow to and from the heart.
Remember arteries always take blood away from the heart and veins bring blood to the heart.
Note: Recall which vessels carry oxygenated blood and which vessels carry deoxygenated blood… |
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Definition
| IVC & SVC bring deoxygenated blood to the right atrium, leading to the right ventricle, going through the pulmanary arteries to the lungs. Then, oxygenated blood from the lungs comes through the pulmanary veins to the left atrium, to the left ventricle, to the aorta. |
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Term
5. Describe coronary circulation.
a. Where are the coronary arteries and veins located?
b. Why are coronary vessels important?
c. What and where is the coronary sinus?
d. What is a MI? |
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Definition
R and L coronary arteries branch off the aorta. Superior and Inferior Vena Cava are attached to the right atrium.
CVessels supply blood to the muscles and heart.
A vessel that collects blood from the myocardium.
Myocardial Infartion, or Heart Attack, is an interruption of the blood supply to the heart.
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Term
6. List and explain the structures of the conduction system of the heart.
a. What and where is the SA node?
b. The AV node?
c. The bundle branch? |
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Definition
the impulse-generating (pacemaker) tissue located in the right atrium of the heart.
The atrioventricular node is a part of the heart that co-ordinates heart rate, located in the right atrium.
The Bundle of His transmits the electrical impulses from the AV node to the apex of the heart.
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Term
6. List and explain the structures of the conduction system of the heart.
d. Purkinje fibers ?
e. Explain the waves in an EKG. How could this test be used to diagnose heart problems. |
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Definition
•Purkinje fibers carry action potentials from the bundle branches to the ventricular walls.
The ECG works by detecting the tiny electrical changes that are caused when the heart muscle "depolarizes" during each heart beat. This can be used to establish a baseline heart rate, and then find any anomalies.
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Term
7. Be able to explain cardiac output.
a. What is the heart rate?
b. What is stroke volume?
c. What does cardiac output mean and how is it calculated?
d. What is Starlings Law? |
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Definition
a. beats per minute
b. the volume of blood pumped in one beat
c. the volume of blood pumped in one minute; CO = HR(heart rate) X SV(stroke volume)
d. the more the heart muscle is stretched, the more forceful the contraction and the more blood is pumped |
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Term
8. Describe and explain the structure of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins.
a. What are muscular arteries?
b. What are elastic arteries?
c. Why are capillaries important? |
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Definition
Muscular Arteries are made up of smooth muscle.
Elastic Arteries are made of Elastin and Collogen, allowing them to stretch.
Capillaries bring blood to tissue. |
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Term
8. Describe and explain the structure of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins.
d. Which vessels have valves? |
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Definition
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Term
| 10. What is peripheral resistance? |
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Definition
| A measure of the opposition encountered by the blood as it flows through blood vessels. |
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Term
11. Explain a parasympathetic and sympathetic response in relation to the heart.
a. When would the heart rate increase?
b. When would the heart rate decrease?
c. What does fight or flight mean? |
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Definition
BP usually increases with age due to the decreased pliability of the arterial walls
Hypotension is usually due to low blood volume, blood loss, dehydration, anemia or getting ready to die
An acute stress response of the sympathetic nervous system.
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Term
| 12. The sounds of the heart are lub, dub, lub, dub. What does each sound mean? |
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Definition
•The “lub” is the first heart sound and signifies the closing of the AV valves – this begins ventricular systole.
•The “dub” is the second heart sound and signifies the closing of the SL valves – this begins ventricular diastole. |
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Term
| 13. Where is the Cardiovascular center located? |
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Definition
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Term
| 14. What is tachycardia? Bradycardia? |
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Definition
Increased Heartrate.
Heartrate under 60. |
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Term
15. Aorta
a. Completely describe the location of the aorta.
b. Which 3 arteries leave the aorta?
c. What type of artery is the aorta?
d. What is an aneurism? |
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Definition
The Aorta is attached to the heart, and leaves it from the left ventricle heading down to the legs.
Left Subclavian Artery, Left Common Carotid Artery, Brachiocephalic Trunk
Elastic Artery
Ballooning of blood vessels. |
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Term
1. Describe the location of the heart.
a. Which cavity is the heart located in?
b. Where is the apex of the heart? |
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Definition
Thoracic Cavity
The bottom of the heart, where the Ventricles are. |
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