diphobothrium latum

taenia solitum

taenia sanginata

hymenolepsis nana

hymenolepsis dimunata

dipylidium caninum

These are what kind of cestodes?

echinococcus granulosis

echinococcus multiocularis

these are what type of cestodes

-known as flatworms

-dorsoventrally flattened and have solid bodies with no body cavity

-internal orans are imbedded in special tissue

-there are no respiratory or blood vascular systems

-life cycle of these organisms are generally indirect. they require at least one intermediate host to support larval development

Adult worm cestodes are characterized by segmented body parts:

Head or attachement portion is called ______ and has attachment mechanisms such as ______, ________, grooves or _____________.

reproductive structures contain uteri and intestine.

-ribbon like and flattened in cross section like a tape measure

-adult worm may range from a few millimeters to 20m in length

-anterior end of adult is modified for attachment to intestinal wall of the definitive host

-Scolex is usually equipped with four cup shaped suckers and some species also have a crown of hooks on the scolex to aid in attachment

 -an embryo seen with tapeworm eggs

-bears 6 tiny hooklets that facilitate entry of the embryo into the intestinal mucosa of the intermediate host

-broad fish tapeworm

-largest tapeworm affecting man (10m or more)

-infection is obtained by eating raw fish

-unembryonated eggs passed in feces

-eggs embryonate in water

-coracidia hatch from eggs and are ingested by crustaceans

-procercoid larvae in body cavity of crustaceans

-crustacean ingested by fish, procecroid larvae develops into plerocercoid larva

-human ingests raw or undercooked fish

-adults in small intestine

-proglottids release immature eggs

-identification of UNembryonated operculated eggs having an ab-opercular knob

-eggs passed in stool

-eggs measure 58-76um by 40-51  um

-eggs are often confused with the eggs of paragonamus westermani

-identification of worm segments passed in stool

-the characteristic morphology of the proglottid is that it is wider than it is long

-identification of the worm scolex (2 grooves)

-cow is the intermediate host

-infection obtained from eating undercooked infected beef

-minimal except for mild GI disturbance

-sparganosis will occasionally occur when man is infected with the egg and larvae encyst in various tissues including brain, but this is rare

-identification of eggs measuring 31-43um with radial pattern on the egg wall

-identification of adult worm (up to 5m long)

-scolex has 4 suckers for attachment

-proglottids with 15-20 uterine branches are also diagnostic

-gets its name since the pig is the intermediate host

-man may be definitive host by eating infected pork with man being the host to adult worm

-man may be intermediate host by ingesting eggs and becoming the host to the larval stage of the parasite

-minimal symptoms when man is the host to the adult worm which lives in the intestine

-cystercosis

-man ingest eggswhich produce larvae that migrate to various host tissues including the brain

-here they encyst and stimulate vigorous inflammatory response

-lesions eventually are fibrosed off and calcify

-patients have seizures and other CNS symptoms during the acute inflammation period and after lesions calcify

-egss in stool have thick walls with radical striations

-adult wom parts are also diagnostic

-scolex characterized by crown of hooks and 4 suckers

-proglottids shed in stool that have 7-13 uterine branches

-adult worms reach up to 3m long

-infection by ingestion of eggs or by igestionn of beetles with cystecerci

-worldwide problem

-most common tapeworm infection is seen in children

-infects rat and mice, rarely seen in humans

-eggs in stool are thin shelled, have six hook oncosphere and polar filaments

-measures 30-47um and 60-79 um

-scolex has 4 suckers with hooklets- rarely see adult worm in stool

-infects children with close dog/cat contact

-gravid proglottids or membrane bound egg packs are the diagnostic forms

-each egg measures 25-40um and contain six hooked oncosphere

-very small tapeworm (3-5 segments)

-the dog is the primary host, humans are accidental hosts

-dogs shed infective cysts in stool

-sheep or other herbivores ingest the cysts which hatch and infect tissues

-infection in humans results from eating infected tissues or eggs

-echinococcus hatches in the bowel and then migrate from the intestine to seed more tissues where cysts form containing infective scolexes

-diagnosis generally made based on serology

-diagnosis may also be made on the identification of the short tapeworms in the hydatid sand or biopsy

-causes alveolar hydatid cyst disease

-most lethal form of helminthic diseases with radical surgery still being the only curative therapy

-most cases are diagnosed in rural residents suggesting direct or indirect contact with fecal material from foxes and dogs

-adult worm 1.2-3.7 m

-eggs similar to taenia species and very resistant to cold

-cyst composed of many irregular cavities with little or no fluid, rare or no free scolexes and often central necrosis and cavitation of the lesion

-definitive host tends to be dogs, foxes, and cats and wolves while the intermediate host have been identified as field mice, house mice, squirrels and shrews.

-found in tissues, liver being most common

-disease may resemble a slowly growing carcinoma and may present symptoms of intrahepatic hypertension

-there may be hepatosplenomegaly, splenomegaly, jaundice and ascites

diagnosis of alveolar hydatid cyst disease may be difficult unless there is a presumptive diagnosis made based on history

diagnosis can be missed on autopsy

serology can be helpful

PCR developed for specific m-RNA from fine needle bioposy

-surgical removal of cyst is almost impossible due to no limiting capsule

-mebendozale is parisitostatic; patients usually respond well even with recurrence

-gamma and alpha interferon levels are decreased in patients w/ echinococcosis so addition of gamma therapy can help halt progression of disease

-overally prognosis usually grave