Term
| Disorders of the Adrenal glands |
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Definition
Acute adrenal insufficiency (adrenal crisis)
Chronic andrenocorticoid insuff(Addison)
Cushing's Dz and Syndrome
Hursutism/Virilization
Primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn)
Pheochromocytoma |
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Term
Acute Lymphoblastic lymphoma
Definition?
Common in which age?
% in Western countries
Etiology?
SSx?
Diagnostic test?
Prognosis?
Treatment? |
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Definition
- malignant proliferation of immature lymphocytes (80% B-cell lineage)
- Common in children ages 2-9
- 10%
- Epstein-Barr virus; Downs
- acute ssx of fatigue, bruising, bleeding, bone pain, fever
- pancytopenia with circulating blasts; 95% have TdT (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase; bone marrow biopsy
- Very cureable
- Chemotherapy x 2.5 - 3 yrs (with allopurinal for renal insufficiency) |
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Term
Myelodisplastc Syndrome
Definition?
Epidemiology?
Pathophys?
Diagnostic test?
Prognosis?
Treatment |
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Definition
- Preleukemia
- Over 60
- ineffective hematopoiesis despite progenitor cells
- blasts b/w 5-25% in marrow; bone marrow biopsy
- 30-60% cure rate
- No therapy |
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Term
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
Def?
Common in which age? ratio?
% in Western countries
SSx?
Diagnostic test?
Prognosis?
Treatment? |
|
Definition
- abnml proliferation of B- lymphocytes
- adults > 60
- men 2:1 (female)
- 30% in western countries
- unable to communicate well, gradual onset
- lymphocytes > 5,000; rupterd smudge cells; biopsy
- 7-10 yrs; not curable
- Chemo - palliative care; slows process |
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Term
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML)
Definition?
Common in which age?
% in Western countries
Etiology?
SSx?
Diagnostic test?
Prognosis?
Treatment? |
|
Definition
- Malignant proliferation of myleiod cells
- Adolescent + adults; median age: 50
- 20%
- sudden onset: Persistent fever, fatigue, bruising, and bleeding
- AUER ROD in peripheral blood
- 70-80% receive full remission
- Chemo and allopurinal |
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Term
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
Def?
Common in which age?
Etiology?
SSx?
Diagnostic test?
Prognosis?
Treatment? |
|
Definition
- Abnml proliferation of myleiod cells
- Middle-aged: 42
- PHILEDELPHIA chromosome 9:22 in >90%
- Gradual onset:night sweats, fever, fatigue;Stem cell dz involving granulocyte
-incr WBC > 100,000; leukocytosis typically stiking; cytogenic analysis
- chemo; imatinib |
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Term
Hairy cell leukemia?
Definition?
Common in which age?
% in Western countries
SSx?
Diagnostic test?
Prognosis?
Treatment? |
|
Definition
- B-cell leukemia
- 2% of adult cases (not in kids)
- lymphadenopathy is uncommon (vs CLL)
- Hairy cells on smear
- 90% live longer than 10 yrs
- Nucleoside analogs (induces remission) |
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Term
| Which leukemia has auer rods? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which causes night sweats,low grade fever, and fatigue? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which one has Philidelphia chrom |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Most common leukemia in children |
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Definition
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Term
| which one has a male:female ratio 2:1 |
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Definition
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Term
| Incr WBC > 100,000 found in which leukemia? |
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Definition
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Term
| Incr leukocytes > 5,000 found in which leukemia? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| on which leukemia do you treat with imatinib? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is used to stain hairy cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| Treatment of choice for hairy cell leukemia? |
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Definition
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Term
| Characterized by Reed-Sternberg cells |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Types of Hodgkins Disease |
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Definition
1. Nodular sclerosing
2. Mixed cellularity
3. Lymphocyte predominant
4. Lymphocyte depleted |
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Term
| Painless enlarged lymph node areas: |
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Definition
1. Cervical
2. Supraclavicular
3. Axillary
4. Inguinal areas |
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Term
Hodgkin's Disease
Definition?
Common in which age?
Etiology?
SSx?
Diagnostic test?
Prognosis?
Treatment? |
|
Definition
- Predominantly B-lymphocyte malignancy
- Bimodal: 18-34 and >50
- Arises in single lymph node and spreads to other lymph nodes
- night sweats, fever, wt loss, PRURITIS
- REED-STERNBERG cells, lymph node biopsy, lymph node biopy
- 90% in stage I and II; 30-60% in stage III and IV
- Chemo, surgery, radiation (curative, reduction of pain, reduction of size) |
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Term
| Most common hematopoietic neoplasm |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Burkitt's lymphoma is an example of what? |
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Definition
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Term
Non-Hodgkin's Disease
Definition?
Common in which age?
Etiology?
SSx?
Diagnostic test?
Prognosis?
Treatment? |
|
Definition
- Clonal expansion of B-cells and T-cells
- 50 yrs
- Correlated to Epstein-barr virus
- BURKITT"S LYMPHOMA
- painless lymphadenopathy, fever, wt loss, night sweats, mediastinal mass
- lymph node biopsy, bone marrow Bx
- less good than Hodgkin's dz
- low grade NHL: palliatve approach
High grade NHL: curative radiation + chemo |
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Term
| Bence-jones proteins are found in what disorder? |
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Definition
| Found in the urine sample of Multiple Myeloma |
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Term
Multiple Myeloma?
Definition?
Common in which age?
Etiology?
SSx?
Diagnostic test?
Prognosis?
Treatment? |
|
Definition
- Malignant proliferation of PLASMA cells
- elderly: 60s
- unknown
- Bone pain, renal failure, anemia, hypercalcemia, fevers/infections
- 3-6 yrs
- Serum: paraprotein + M-component (IgG)
Urine: Bence-jones proteins
bone scan: shows lytic lesions
Bone marrow bx |
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Term
|
Definition
= any condition producing diffusely decr bone density (osteopenia) and diminished bone strength
Osteoporosis
Paget's Dz of bone
Osteomalacia |
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Term
| Most common metabolic bone disorder |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Bone Dz characterized by low bone mass/density |
|
Definition
Osteoporosis
- bone formation < bone reabsorption
- loss of trabecular bone > loss of compact bone |
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Term
| Who are more susceptible to osteoporosis |
|
Definition
| postmenopausal women, esp Caucasian and Asian |
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Term
|
Definition
Hormone deficiency or excess
immobilization
alcohol
smoking
genetics |
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Term
|
Definition
* often asymptomatic
backache
spontaneous Fx -->femoral neck Fx, distal radius Fx
Collapse vertebrae
loss of height |
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|
Term
|
Definition
* DEXA scan (for any bone, usually hip or spine)
- CT densiometry - vertebrae
- nml Alk Phos (usually),may be elevated
- nml serum calcium, phosphate, PTH |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Hormone replacement therapy
bisphosphonates
SERMS - selective estrogen receptor modulators
Prevention: *exercise, Vit D, calcium, calcitonin nasal spray, diet, no smoking |
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Term
|
Definition
| Defective skeletal mineralization dur to Vit D deficiency; can't lay down bone properly (bone osteoid) |
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Term
| What is osteomalacia in children? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the causes of osteomalacia |
|
Definition
Vit D deficiency
deficient intake of Ca/Phos
genetic: hypophosphatasia
Fibrogenesis - "fishnet" appearance |
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|
Term
|
Definition
usually starts asymptomatic
bone pain and tenderness
painful proximal muscle weakness
Fx with no associated trauma |
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Term
|
Definition
elevated Alk Phos
nml or low Calcium and phosphorus
X-ray: thinning of corticol bone, stress, Fx, looser lines and bone softening |
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Term
|
Definition
ergocalciferol for deficiency (long-acting Vit D
-prevention: vit D, sun exposure |
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Term
| characterized by high bone turnover rate and disorganized osteoid formation |
|
Definition
Paget's dz of bone (have enlarged and deformed bone)
- will get areas with "big holes" and other areas that are more dense |
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Term
|
Definition
3/4 asymptomatic; may involve 1 bone (monostotic) or multiple bone (polyostotic) - skull, femur, tibia, pelvis
- bone pain* - 1st symptom
- Bones become soft- kyphosis (curvature of spine), bowed tibia,
- if skull involved: HA, incr had size, deafness, cranial nerve palsies |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Very high Alk Phos
nml or incr serum Calcium
nml serum phosphorus
Elevated urinary hydroxyroline |
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|
Term
|
Definition
no cure
slow bone resorption: bisphosphonates |
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