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| Pieter Brueghel, The Netherlandish Proverbs,
Northern Renaissance
-visual representation of Erasmus’s writings (praising folly) reversal of teaching people how to live through proverbs, didactic satire
-done in earth tones (people of the earth) which make red and blue colors stand out
-first to paint peasant culture, common people with meaning and dignity -depicts 100 proverbs in 1 painting
-woman in red (temptress color)
-proverbs present in painting: man beating head against wall, man biting a pillar (to run your mouth), man throwing roses in front of pig (casting pearls upon swine), throwing feathers into the wind (wasting your time), crying over spilled porridge (milk), praying to false prophets
-religious symbolism |
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Michelangelo, Moses
High Italian Renaissance
-influenced by hellenistic greek sculptures
-moses depicted in the medieval tradition (horns), lower body is much larger since it would be viewed from below, disproportionate (7' x 8 1/2') |
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Michelangelo, Sistine Chapel Ceiling (Creation of Adam)
High Italian Renaissance
-God looks like zeus and Adam looks like apollo (greco-roman antiquity); giving adam spark of life; god is celestial (convex) and adam’s is of the earth (concave) and bodies are meant to fit together
uses the diagonal; cape around god looks like the human brain
adam in contraposto |
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Titian, Venus of Urbino
High Italian Renaissance
-Dominated with strong color, texture, and mood
-De-emphasized “design” as a High Renaissance characteristic
-beginning of reclining nude; about lifesize 4’ x 5’6”
painted for duke of urbino for his alabaster room (personal office and art gallery) and not made for public viewing
courtisan: woman by profession that is a mistress; courtisan culture- men married for status and wealth;
looking directly at the viewer; hand on genitals
dog=fidelity; chest (is her)- training daughter how to sew/run household
the bed is her space
influenced by Sleeping Venus by Giorgione and Titian |
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Titian, Isabella d’Este
High Italian Renaissance
arms positioned in power almost like a man
almost at 3/4 pose
idealized in youth |
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Bronzino; Cupid, Venus, Folly and Time
Mannerism
-meaning is ambiguous, like many mannerist works
-displays mannerist fondness for allegories
-masks are device of mannerists: symbolize deceit
-meaning: love is foolish and lovers discover its folly in time |
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Albrect Dürer, Fall of Man
Northern Renaissance
-durer was first northern renaissance artist to gain international success
-engraving, 2 figures based on ancient statues, reflects vitruvian theory of human proportions
-balanced contraposto
-naturalism in foliage |
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Matthias Gunevald, Isenheim Altarpiece,
Northern Renaissance
-reflecting Catholic beliefs and incorporating several references to Catholic doctrines, such as the lamb (symbol of the son of God)
-wooden shrine; address the themes of dire illness and miraculous healing and accordingly emphasize the suffering of the order’s patron saint, Anthony. The painted images served as warnings, encouraging increased devotion from monks and hospital patients. They also functioned therapeutically by offering some hope to the afflicted
-saint justice as dispenser of justice and benevolent healer |
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Albrect Dürer, Knight, Death and the Devil
Northern Renaissance
-engraving; Death's rotting corpse holds an hourglass to remind the knight of the shortness of life
-knight symbolizes courage
-symbolic christian's resilience bc of faith- knights armor, horse towers over beasts, fortress on the mountain top |
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Hans Holbein, French Ambassadors
Northern Renaissance
- two humanists with a collection of objects reflective of their worldliness and learning, but he also included an anamorphic skull, a reminder of death
-portraiture: close realism
-painting alludes to growing tension between religious and secular (one a bishop and the other a titled landowner) broken lute string next to luther's translations: religious strife |
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Bosch, The Garden of Earthly Delights
Northern Renaissance
-scene of hell and “earthly delights,” themes of fire and brimstone and eternal damnation
fall of mankind and people recreating the original sin
in triptych which is a catholic form of art
eggs, strawberries, cherries, birds, rabbits represent desires of the flesh, carnal beings, fornication
music as a means of torture: musical timekeeper, catholic hymnal extends musical notes on butt (music is from hell)
music and sex are bad
ridiculing the catholic church (man sexual with pig in nun hat); influenced by protestant reformation
ravens symbolize bad fortune |
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Lorenzo Bernini, David
Italian Baroque
-Bernini’s sculptures are expansive and theatrical, and the element of time plays an important role in them. His emotion-packed David seems to be moving through both time and space.
chooses most dramatic moment of the narrative: using slingshot against Goliath
David at full torque, the diagonal becomes most important structural device during the Baroque, emphasizes movement
Bernini makes the viewer move around the sculpture to see its entirety which adds the element of time because it takes time to move around sculpture and from each angle it looks like a different time of the battle |
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Lorenzo Bernini, Ecstasy of St. Theresa
Italian Baroque
Baroque period was first use of multimedia art, involve and evoke all of the senses to stimulate religious fervor
Bernini designed entire chapel that held the statue
Saint Teresa is a Carmelite nun and believed herself to be someone who could communicate with God; visions/heard voices of archangel piercing ribcage to infuse her with divine love (cause internal abdominal pain) and wrote about it
Face of sexual pleasure (love of God experienced as sexual ecstasy)
Angel pointing arrow at vaginal area and removing clothes, Teresa’s toes curled
hidden window at top to provide natural light with bronze and gold rays to convey that God approves of the scene |
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Caravaggio, Conversion of St. Paul
Italian Baroque
-stood for the ideas of the counter-reformation: used thieves, scoundrels, prostitutes (who Jesus often surrounded himself with) as models for saints
-Develops tenebrism: dramatic shift from light to dark to create spotlight effect, most important painting technique used in baroque period
counter-reformation stories that is sought over- relates to people’s trials and tribulations because st. paul used to persecute christians and was knocked off horse and had message from jesus: saul why do you persecute me?; saul is blind for 3 days and when he gets his vision back he converts and becomes apostle and st. paul
jesus is not portrayed in painting but the divine light (spotlight/tenebrism)
look down at paul, arms stretched out because he cant see; foreshortened at diagonal angle
caravaggio forces you to become emotionally involved to understand what is going on with the saint (pushing you into our space and make you feel like you were there in a new way) |
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Caravaggio, Calling of St. Matthew
Italian Baroque
done in contemporary setting (pub) to count their day’s take, (paper windows, dark void of the room)
Jesus walks into the room with arm extended (homage to michelangelo); light from window is of God showing that Jesus is doing God’s work, halo around Jesus
st matthew is pointing to himself in disbelief |
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Artemisa Gentileschi, Judith Slaying Helofernes
Italian Baroque
-influenced by Caravaggio’s use of tenebrism and spread it around europe
judith takes his sword and cuts holofernes’s head (like david and goliath); judith’s face is self-portrait, clenching his hair in determination
judith is dressed, holofernes is unclothed; tenebrism
compared to caravaggio’s painting of the same name : woman looks unsure, timid
chose judith from bible to convey her anger at her rape and demonstrate her strength and feminist nature |
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Diego Valezquez, Water Carrier of Seville
Spanish Baroque
a genre scene that seems to convey a deeper significance—the contrast of darks and lights, and the plebeian nature of the figures, reveal Velázquez’s debt to Caravaggio
court artist in spain, inspired by caravaggio, known for painting commoners (painting dwarfs)
s not wealthy- clothes are tattered, capture the impoverished and working class with dignity (humanism)
naturalism: use of light- water condensation, reflection on jugs, slight tenebrism |
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Valezquez, Las Meninas
Spanish Baroque |
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Clodion, nymph and satyr
Rococo
-2 ft tall; personal object to represent sex
nymph & satyr symbolizes sexual desire as followers of bacchus (god of orgy, love-making,wine)
-erotic playfulness that characterized rococo |
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Watteau, Return from Cythera,
Rococo
-no crisp form, cloudy and formless shapes
-pastel, Fête Galante |
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Jean-Honore Fragonard, The Swing
Rococo
commissioned by a duke who is hiding in bushes (lovers)
swing being pulled by a minister (in the dark)
arch of her foot - receiving arch of her womb
feminine power (feminizing) |
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Francois Boucher, Cupid at Captive
Rococo
-Boucher was Madame de Pompadour’s favorite artist. In this Rococo tableau, he painted a pyramid of rosy infant and female flesh and fluttering draperies set off against a cool, leafy background.
-lively/lighthearted, sensual playfulness, rosy-blue pastel sky |
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William Hogarth, Breakfast Scene from marriage à la mode
Enlightenment
-British painter, critiquing rococo lifestyle in a series
-satirical and moralistic
-spoke out against arranged marriage
party all night, fidelity dog discovers women’s underwear, dark dot: man has syphilis,
butler with stack of bills |
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Benjamin West,The Death of General Wolfe
Neoclassicism
entry way to neoclassical ideals
depicts French British war for Canada
political in theme and renaissance in style
figures in foreground and groupings of people |
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John Singleton Copley, Portrait of Paul Revere,
Naturalism
start of american portraiture; american spirit: democracy; wearing working class clothes and no wig and no jacket; not a king/prince/duke
candid feel, warmth (frans hals)
establishes american portraiture as being anti-royal |
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Jacques Louis David, The Oath of Horatii
Neoclassicism
not a historical event, taken from roman play; saw roman artifacts and incorporates it into painting
sons of Horatio swearing allegiance to rome
believable, crisp, linear anatomy
tenebrism, 3 archways (da vinci)
call to the french revolution: self-sacrifice for the common good and a moral message of patriotism
anti-rococo, femininity, aristocracy |
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Jacques Louis David, The Death of Marat
Neoclassicism
portrayed just like a martyred saint
artist was pro-Marat
Marat creating philosophic foundation for the reign of terror
honoring new religion: state politics;
pen is upright (mightier) than the knife (sword)
looks like Caravaggio painting |
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Ingres, Grande Odalisque
Neoclassicism
-departure from neoclassicism; reclining nude common in antiquity & renaissance
-set in turkish harem (Romantic interest in the exotic)
-admiration for Raphael in borrowing the master's taste for that particular female head |
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Henry Fuseli, The Nightmare
Romanticism
The transition from Neoclassicism to Romanticism marked a shift in emphasis from reason to feeling. Fuseli was among the first painters to depict the dark terrain of the human subconscious
-horror/dark theme
-incubus that preys sexually on beautiful women
-dark terrain of human subconscious |
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Francisco Goya, Family of Charles IV
Romanticism
-modeled after valezquez's las meninas when setting the royal subjects in a naturalistic and plausible setting
-As in "Las Meninas," the artist is shown working on a canvas, of which only the rear is visible;
-in shadow of the painter
-on stage facing the public for judgment |
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Goya, 3rd of May 1308
Romanticism
-Goya encouraged empathy for the massacred Spanish peasants by portraying horrified expressions on their faces, endowing them with a humanity lacking in the French firing squad.
-contemporary event
-the peasant about to be shot throws his arms out in a cruciform gesture reminiscent of Christ’s position on the cross.
-shows emotion through dark colors/light and contrast |
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Theodore, Gericault, The Raft of the Medusa
Romanticism
In this gigantic history painting, Géricault rejected Neoclassical compositional principles and, in the Romantic spirit, presented a jumble of writhing bodies in every attitude of suffering, despair, and death.
-event: shipwreck off african coast
-visited hospitals and morgues to ensure accuracy of bodies |
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