1. Initiative

2. Referendum

3. Recall

4. Direct Primaries

5. Australian Ballot

6. City-Manager form for local governments

7. Direct election of U.S. Senators

8. Graduated income tax

9. Female Suffrage

10. 8-hour workday and maximum hours

11. Workers compensation

12. Minimum wage

13. Postal Savings Banks

Candidates: Rep- William Howard Taft, Dem- William James Bryan

Outcome: Taft wins 321 to 162 in the E.C.

1. Comparison to Teddy Roosevelt

2. Taft had promised to lower the tariff and didn't lower it much

3. 1909- Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy (Even though Taft was not directly involved in the events, he was involved in the removal of Pinchot from office and is seen as "Old Guard" for his actions.)

4. The contest over speakership

1. More total acerage was conserved during his 4 years than Teddy's 7 1/2.

2. He had 90 anti-trust suits during his presidency, whereas Teddy only had 44 during his two terms.

3. Postal Savings Banks were started under Taft

4. Taft adds many jobs to the "classified" list

5. Parcel Post system begins under Taft

6. Department of Labor is created under Taft

7. Publicity Act passed under Taft

8. 1910 Mann-Elkins Act Passed

9. 1913 the 16th amendment is ratified (income tax amendment)

1909

Tariff comes out of the House much lower, goes into the Senate and 847 amendments were added to it, it comes out only slightly lower than before.

Taft signs the tariff and gets much grief over the situation.

Sept 1909

Taft is speaking in Winona, MN. The subject of the tariff comes up and Taft said that it was the best tariff ever passed by the Republican Party.

This makes lots of people mad and puts bad light on Taft.

This controversy broke out iin 1909 and involved Gifford Pinchot, Richard Ballinger, and Louis Glavis.

Glavis finds out that Ballinger is going to sell coal reserves in AK to a wealthy family and doesn't like. Glavis tells Pinchot, who also doesn't like it. Glavis gets fired. Public argument between Pinchott and Ballinger breaks out. Taft fires Pinchot. Congress decides that Ballinger acted within the letter of the law. Public looks down on Taft for this. Teddy gets mad, too.

Candidates: Rep-William Howard Taft, Dem-Woodrow Wilson, Pro-Teddy Roosevelt, Soc-Eugene V. Debs

This election was controversial because it split the Rep party between Taft and Roosevelt.

Outcome: Wilson wins with 435 E.C. votes (Roosevelt 88, Taft 8, Debs 0)

Accomplishments of "New Freedom"

1. Lower the tariff

2. Banking reform

3. Regulation of big buisness

4. Aid to labor

5. Aid to farmers

6. Consitutional amendments

1. Imperialism (Most sought after were Asia and Africa)

2. Nationalism (Displaced persons and territories)

3. Militarism (Arms race between nations)

4. Opposing Alliances (Allied Powers and Central Powers)

Spark that triggered WWI-- assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

1. Cultural affinity

2. psychological factors

3. Propaganda

4. Control of the Conventional and Traditional communication lines (ships)

1. England expanded the contraband list to include things like munitions, food, clothing, medicine, transportation, etc.

2. England invoked the doctrine of continuous voyage

3. England enforced rations in trade between netural nations.

4. England Blacklisted U.S. companies that were known to consistently trade with her enemies.

5. Blockade was set up and U.S. couldn't trade.

1. Germany announces a submarine blockade around Britain

a. Sinking of the Lusitania

b. Torpedoing of the Arabic

c. Strange case of Dr. Albert's briefcase

d. Torpedoing of the Sussex

e. Constantly breaking pledges

1915. The Lusitania is a British passenger ship off the coast of Ireland. It is torpedoed and sinks in 18 minutes. 1198 die including 128 Americans.

Because of this, Wilson issues 3 diplomatic notes, each harsher than the last.

1916. The Sussex was a French passenger liner. It is torpedoed without warning and no survivors were provided for, even though Germany had said they would do both in the Arabic Pledge just a few months earlier. 2 Americans were injured in this attack.

Wilson threatened to withdraw diplomatic recognition from Germany.

Candidates: Rep-Charles Evans Hughes, Dem-Woodrow Wilson

Outcome: This was a super-close election, but Wilson won by winning California (the swing-state)

Hughes blunder: He stayed in the same hotel as the governor of CA and doesn't even make it a point to meet him or shake his hand.

1. **On Jan 31, 1917 Germany announces the resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare.

2. Zimmerman Note

3. Russian revolution

U.S. Costs:

(U.S. was so much lower because we entered late and fought on their turf.)

1. 54,000 battlefield deaths

2. 63,000 disease deaths

3. 204,000 Americans wounded

4. $24.5 Billion for the war and $9 Billion to allies

Global Costs:

1. 37 million casualties including 8.5 million deaths

1. abolition of secret diplomacy

2. freedom of the seas in war and peace

3. removal of international trade barriers and establishment of trade equality

4. reduction of armaments

5. impartial adjustments of colonial claims

6-13. specific political and territorial readjustments

14. league of nations

All apply to Germany only:

1. accept war guilt

2. surrender territories

3. transfer colonies to a mandate system

4. reduce armies to 100,000 men

5. relinquish large warships, military airplanes, and heavy guns

6. pay reparations of $56.5 Billion

1. He went to Paris himself

2. He inseparably tied the treaty and the league

3. His Appeal of 1918 (elect democrats to support me, please)

4. The delegation he took to Paris (no serious reps, no senators)

5. His ill-fated speech-making tour

6. His order to loyal democrats not to pass amended league and treaty

7. His naming of the 1820 election as a "solemn referendum on the league and treaty" 

Candidates: Rep-Warren G. Harding (Calvin Coolidge or VP), Dem-James Cox (FDR for VP)

Issues: Solemn Referendum on the League and Treaty

Outcome: Harding/Coolidge win by a landslide 404 to 127 in E.C.

Wilson sees this as an attack on the treaty and the league.

Finally on July 2, 1921, there is an official end to the war with a joint resolution of Congress

Concerning the league and the treaty, much, if not everything, depended on the goodwill of the executers of the pact

This set tonage ratios for capital ships of the U.S., England, Japan, France, and Italy. All followed these ratios except Japan.

5:5:3:1.75:1.75