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German penal code that allowed for the imprisonment of men having sex with men or animals. Established in 1871, but really put in effect when Hitler and the Nazis rose to power in 1933. Gossip and innuendo were evidence enough for arrest.
Significance= led to homosexual men being put in concentration camps. Persecuted because Hitler said gays were depriving Germany of the children they owe her. |
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| . In 1948 and 1953 he wrote sexual behavior in the human male, and sexual behavior in the human female, respectively. Found it was very common for people to have same-sex sexual acts in their pasts=significance. Opened up people’s minds about the prevalence of homosexuality. |
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| 1919-1933 in Germany. It was a liberal progressive period. Anti-art movement going on. Period of open sexuality. Many American homosexuals went there for freedom. Ended when hitler came to power. Significance= an example of the fleeting opportunity thesis because nothing like it existed there before or after. |
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- post-ww2 until the end of the 1960s. all over the u.s. lavender was the color associated with homosexuals. Represented the level of homophobia that was prevalent throughout the United States, particularly in the federal government. Homosexuals linked with communism so the lavender scare mimicked the red scare. Many government employees fired for being homosexual.
Significance= represents the Dark 50’s and the national fear of communism and homosexuality. |
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| Europe in the mid 1930s till 1945. The symbol used in concentration camps to identify those who were there for homosexuality. it was an upside down triangle that replaced the previous identifier, which was the word "homo" written on the back of their clothes. Significance=in the 1970s the gay & lesbian movement retook the triangle and used it as a symbol of pride. Thus, they turned a very negative symbol into a positive one. |
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1952. Explicitly excluded homosexuals and other sex perverts on the basis that they had psychopathic personalities.
Significance= excluded homosexuals based on a medical condition. It was also meant to keep communism out of the United States, since homosexuals were weak and thus the target communism abroad. |
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| 1916-1947. Most heavily used in ww2. Made it possible for homosexuals to be removed from the military for their sexuality. Approx. 9000 discharged for this. Significance= negative stigma attached to all blue discharges because of the association of it with homosexuality. it could keep them from getting jobs or getting into school. Draftees were upset because it ruined their reputations…some claimed that the military made them gay. Kept them from getting benefits from the GI Bill |
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1868-1935. Lived in berlin, until he fled for his life. Opened the Institute for the Study of Sex in 1919. It was the first institute of its kind. . Hirschfeld was a sexologist and started the first gay rights movement. His institute closed in 1933 when hitler came to power. All of the important material it housed was destroyed when Nazis ransacked and burned the institute.
Significance= he paved the way for future sex studies. |
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Different stereotypes of lesbians. Started in the late 19th century and still exists today. Faced criticism by historians because they saw it as an attempt to replicate heterosexuality. Current understanding of the issue depends on the lesbian culture…butches are seen as the aggressive pleasure givers, and femmes are passive pleasure receivers.
Significance= the butch/femme relationship is open to many interpretations, each depending on the interpreter’s culture. Set a mold for lesbian relationships. Outward appearance used to label lesbians, which then was used to determine how they were supposed to behave. |
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| Class A Medical Exclusion Certificate |
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1917-1990. Included homosexuality in their classification of psychopathic personalities. Psychopaths were excluded from entry to the u.s. via this certificate.
Significance= medicalized homosexuality and used it as a means to keep them out of the U.S. |
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| Started in the late 20th century. Houses where transgender sex workers could bring clients. The owner Patty has the women pay fees to use the houses. They can buy condoms and practice safe sex. Alcohol and drug use is prohibited. The money goes towards helping other transgender sex workers. Significance= It gives a safe and supportive community to live in while working. Seen as a public service, helped the sex workers as well as the larger community. |
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| Started in 1957 in san Francisco by del martin and Phyllis lyon. Was the female version of Mattachine and the first homophile female group. Wanted to promote the notion that lesbians weren’t different from others, and opposed the butch/fem stereotypes. Required traditional dress and was a very middle class group. Significance= worked towards lesbian rights, whose goals were different from those of gay men. |
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rioting occurring in the last few days of June, 1969. Happened at the Stonewall Inn in New York City’s Greenwich Village. Stonewall inn was a popular gay bar that was victim to frequent police raids. However, one night people were fed up with police brutality and rioting started. It occurred over the period of 3 days. Made the national news.
Significance= not the beginning, but a catalyst in the gay liberation movement. Became a symbol of the movement. Gay Liberation Front was the direct product of Stonewall. |
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| 1969-1972. Was a manifestation of the Stonewall riots. Represented the new gay liberation movement that opposed the older homophile movement. Was more militant in its actions, led pride parades. Became divided as the Gay Activist Alliance formed out of its members. GLF wanted to participate in other civil rights movements, but GAA just wanted to focus on homosexuals. Significance=inspired homosexuals around the world to come out and demand equal treatment. |
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| 1942-1945. Served as director of the women’s army auxiliary corps. Tried to characterize women in WAC as chaste and asexual so the general public would accept its existence. However, she also tried dispel rumors about WAC lesbianism by characterizing the women as attractive and feminine. This backfired because then they were seen as objects for male morale. Significance= had a large part in the establishment and reputation of the WAC. |
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| 1969-1974. Stemmed from the gay liberation front. Believed in focusing solely on the issue of gay rights. Significance= sparked an interest in gay rights. |
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| Started in 1942. Headed by Oveta Culp Hobby. Stands for women’s army (auxiliary) corps. Established a position for women in the military. Significance= dealt with the regulation of women’s sexuality. Conflict between the desire for women’s rights and the suppression of lesbianism. At first they didn’t discharge on the basis of homosexuality, but later people accused their enemies of lesbianism to get them discharged. |
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| movie made in 1961 starring Audrey Hepburn and Shirley maclaine and james garner. Depicts two women who open a boarding school. A trouble child accuses them of being lesbians and everything is taken away from them. Their reputations are destroyed based on the word of one child. Shirley maclaine’s character later realizes she is a lesbian and kills herself. Significance= was part of negative depictions of homosexuals in popular culture. Part of the dark 50’s and showed the homosexual in question being killed brutally or committing suicide. |
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| Wrote 6 pulp fictions titles between 1957 and 1963. Popular within the lesbian community because she bucked the more common view of lesbians and put them in a heroic role. Significance= part of the homophile 50’s and positive depictions of homosexuals in pop culture. |
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