True or False:

All intermediate filament proteins have a central Alpha-helical rod domain, flanked by head and tail domains? 

True

The head and tail domains differ amond intermediate filament types 

Under the light microscope, nuclei with large amounts of euchcromatin stain relatively lightly and are termed:

A. vesicular

B. pyknotic

C.  peripheral

D. areolar

E. eosinophilic 

A. vesicular 

Where is dense regular connective tissue mainly found?     

 tendon 

Caldesmon is found in:

A. cardiac muscle

B. skeletal muscle

C. smooth muscle

D. both A and B 

E. A, B, and C 

C. smooth muscle

Caldesmon is analogous to troponin in skeletal muscle - blocks myosin contact with thin filaments 

What are the 3 components of cytoskeleton? 

intermediate filaments, dense bodies &

attachment plaques 

Type II skeletal muscle fibers differ from Type I fibers in that they:

A. are larger than Type I

B. fatigue rapidly

C. contain less myoglobin

D. contain fewer mitochondria

E. all of the above 

E. all of the above 

Where are Ca++ ions stored in muscle cells? 

Sarcoplasmic reticulum 

Which part(s) of the muscle remains unchanged in length during contraction?

A. I band

B. H zone

C. A band

D. distance between Z lines

E. B and D 

C. A band 

Which type(s) of muscle has/have peripherally located nuclei? 

Skeletal muscle 

Match the connective tissue envelope with its tissue

  perimysium                 covers entire muscle

  epimysium                  covers fascicles

  endomysium                covers individual cells
 

  perimysium----------------bundles or "fascicles"

  epimysium-----------------entire muscle

  endomysium---------------individual muscle cells

  know your greek prefixes!!

Pascinian corpuscles, End bulbs of Krause, Tactile corpuscles of Meissner,

and Corpuscles of Ruffini are all:

A. winning Kentucky Derby horses

B. popular Mediterranean vacation archipellagos

C. non-encapsulated afferent nerve endings

D. encapsulated afferent nerved endings

E. none of the above 

D. encapsulated (sensory) afferent nerve endings

-consist of a lamellated capsule of flattened connective tissue cells, fibers, and/or ground substance 

-non-encapsulated (sensory) afferent nerve endings include free sensory nerve endings and Merkel's corpuscles

True or False:

Schwann cells are found in nerve fibers and ganglia 

False

Schwann cells are found in nerve fibers but not ganglia

Match the connective tissue envelope with its content

  epineurium                  individual nerve fibers

  endoneurium                nerve fiber fascicles

  perineurium                     nerve

  epineurium-------------surrounds nerves

  perineurium-----------surrounds nerve fascicles

  endoneurium------------individual nerve fibers

True or False:

Nodes of Ranvier are larger in the CNS than in the PNS 

True

This allows for faster saltatory conduction 

What are the five components of a neuron? 

perikaryon

dendrites

axon

axon hillock

initial segment 

Where in a neuron is Nissl not found?

Not found in the axon

-the presence or absence of Nissl (grainy-looking) can be used to distinguish dendrites from axon 

The only nerve cell bodies outside the CNS are called what? 

ganglia 

The majority of neurons 

interneurons

-all lie within the CNS

-linked to afferent, efferent, or other interneurons 

- resemble motor neurons in structure

-function in coordination of action, "thought" 

Proprioreceptors, Interoreceptors, and Exteroreceptors are all:

A. non-special sensory neurons

B. pseudounipolar

C. bipolar

D. A and B

E. A and C 

D. A and B

All non-special sensory neurons (i.e. not smell, vision, or hearing) are pseudounipolar 

Secretory neurons are:

A. multipolar

B. unipolar

C. pseudounipolar

D. bipolar

A. multipolar 

True or False:

Autonomic efferent signals are relayed by two neurons 

True

Somatic efferent signals are relayed by one neuron 

True or False:

Mature nerve cells are replaced every 7 years 

False

Mature nerve cells are terminal. They cannot be replaced after they die. 

What type of microfibril appears banded, with apparent dark bands caused by stain collecting in the gaps, and light bands being the molecules themselves failing to stain? 

A collagen microfibril, made up of tropocollagen macromolecules arranged in staggered parallel. 

Junctional (adhesion) complexes, processes on neurons, and gap junctions are all examples of what type of surface specialization? 

They are all Lateral surface modifications

-tight junctions are included in this category

stereocilia

A. are an apical surface specialization

B. are motile

C. consist of a 9+2 arrangement of microtubules

D. are found in the respiratory tract

E. All of the above 

A. are an apical surface specialization

Unlike cilia, stereocilia do not move. They are found in the epididymis and inner ear, and are used for absorption or sensory reception. 

What are the 4 fundamental tissue types? 

epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous

(sometimes its good to take a step back!) 

All of the dental tissues except ______

are connective tissues.

A. dentin

B. enamel

C. alveolar process

D. cementum

E. blood 

B. enamel

(blood isn't really a dental tissue per se - but it is considered a fluid connective tissue! crazy, huh?) 

Fibroblasts

A. are sometimes called "blast cells"

B. associated with integrins

C. produce collagen

D. are sometimes called "plump" by British histology professors

E. all of the above 

E. all of the above 

aka embryonic connective tissue 

mesenchyme 

True or False:

Mesenchyme can occur in adult connective tissue 

True

It can - especially adjacent to blood vessels. It behaves like stem cells in that it can give rise to many types of connective tissue (barring macrophages and mast cells) 

Connective tissue macrophages 

histiocytes 

Scurvy, caused by a vitamin C deficiency, affects what type of connective tissue? 

collagen

-Specifically, the hydroxylation of lysine and proline in collagen synthesis requires vitamin C.   

Which of the following cell types does not produce collagen?

A. Schwann cells

B. chondroblasts

C. smooth muscle

D. endothelial cells

E. adipocytes

E. adipocytes 

Oxytalan, Elaunin, and Amorphous are all types of:

A. wee folk from Tolkien's netherworld

B. steroids used by MLB players

C. elastic fibers

D. myofilaments

E. reticular fibers 

C. elastic fibers 

Which fellow had both a jelly and a duct named after him?

A. Mr. Wharton

B. Mr. Stensen 

C. Herr von Ebner

D. Mr. Striated

E. Monsieur Ranvier 

A. Mr. Wharton

(this is not a factual statement) 

In embyology, what does endoderm (which is epithelial) give rise to?

Endoderm gives rise to epithelia of the gut, respiratory system, urinary bladder, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, and other epithelial glands associated with the gut.

In embryology, what does ectoderm (an epithelial tissue) give rise to? 

Ectoderm forms the epithelia of the skin and its glandular derivatives, as well as oral, nasal, and anal passages.

What does Mesoderm (mesenchymal tissue) give rise to in embryology? 

Mesoderm gives rise to epithelial linings of the cardiovascular system (i.e. endothelium) and to mesothelium, lining the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities and various tubules, ducts, and accessory glands of the urogenital system.

Specialized CNS phagocytes     

Microglia 

These induce endothelial cells to form the blood-brain barrier 

Astrocytes 

These myelinate axons in the CNS 

Oligodendrocytes 

These cells join with the pia mater to form the choroid plexus 

Ependymal cells 

These glial cells surround the cell bodies in ganglia 

Satellite cells 

Two glial cells associated with the PNS 

Schwann cells and Satellite cells 

True or False:

All ANS neurons are pseudounipolar     

True