Term
|
Definition
| - consists of glands that produces hormones to regulate growth, development, and metabolic activities of cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells must have ____ for hormones in order to respond to them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
-stomach
- small intestine
- lungs |
|
Definition
| cells that are part of the diffuse endocrine system that are parts of the ____, ____, and ____. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - physically attached to hypothalamus by stalk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - physiologically attached to hypothalamus by blood vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- contains epithelial glandular tissue
- contains pars distalis
- secretes hormones into surrounding capillaries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| posterior pituitary gland |
|
Definition
- contains pars nervosa
- contains axons that produce and secrete two types of hormones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - largest part of anterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - largest part of the posterior pituitary gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- secretes hormones into surrounding capillaries
- contains 5 types of epithelial cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- secretes two different types of hormones
- contains axons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - largest half of pituitary gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - function is controlled by the hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the adrenal gland consist of two distinct regions
1.____
2.____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cortex and medulla have _____ embryological origins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- outer region of adrenal gland
- underneath CT capsule
- divided into 3 zones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - hormones secreted by the cortex of the adrenal gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- inner region of the adrenal gland
- functions like nervous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - produces catacholamines such as epinephrine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- gland located in the neck
- consists of 2 lobes
- contains follicles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| follicles have ____ epithelium consisting of follicular cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- found in follicles
- surround colloid
- synthesize and secrete thryoid hormones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- form of thyroid hormone stored in colloid
- extracellularly stored |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- surround colloid btwn follicular cells
- synthesize and secrete calcitonin
- do not make thyroid hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - decreases blood calcium levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- located on thyroid gland
- usually 4 of them
- synethesize PTH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - raises blood calcium levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- located within the brain
- contains cells that secrete melanin
- contains supporting cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - cells that secrete melatonin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - function as supporting cells for pinealocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - skin + eccrine sweat glands + apocrine sweat glands + sebaceous glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
- contains nerves, ducts, no blood vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- loose and dense irregular CT
- glands, blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles and smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- not part of skin
- loose CT and fat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- most of body
- thinner epidermis
- contains hair follicles, sebaceous glands, hair arrector pili muscles, eccrine sweat glands, and apocrine sweat glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- palms and soles
- thicker epidermis
- contains no hair follicles, arrector pili muscle or sebaceous glands
- contains eccrine sweat glands, but not apocrine glands |
|
|
Term
| arrangement of keratinocytes in epidermis |
|
Definition
- stratum corneum
- stratum lucidum
- stratum granulosum
- stratum spinosum
- stratum basale |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- most numerous epithelial cell of epidermis
- arranged in 5 layers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- single layer of keratinocytes resting on basale lamina
- mitotic cells of epidermis
- source of regenerated cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- essentially dead keratinocytes filled with keratin
- nucleus and organelles are degraded
- layer shed from epidermis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - produce skin pigmentation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - functions as protection against UV radiation and pigmentation for skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- part of IR
- processes microbial antigens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- associated with nerve endings
- ____ + nerve = noci or mechanoreceptors |
|
|
Term
dense irregular
(collagen type I) |
|
Definition
| - CT layer of skin is ____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - sweat is produced by secretory cells and released onto surface of skin by single duct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- do not make sweat
- found in armpit and pubic area
- secrete mucin that empties onto skin through duct associated with hair follicle
- mucin + bacteria = stink |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - secrete sebum through hair follicle in thin skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- produces by sebaceous glands
- moisturizes hair and skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- just an axon within epidermis
- functions as nociceptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - associated with sensory nerve to function as mechanoreceptor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- mechanoreceptors distributed throughout skin
- especially in areas sensitive to touch (fingertips) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - ability to hold food and saliva in mouth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
1. oral competence
2. mastication
3. bolus prep
4. deglutition
5. speech |
|
Definition
| 5 functions of oral cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- mucous membrane of oral cavity
- functions for protection, sensation and secretion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - means epithelium, basal lamina and loose CT (lamina propria) |
|
|
Term
| stratified squamous epithelium |
|
Definition
| - can be parakeratinized, orthokeratinized and nonkeratinized |
|
|
Term
- keratinocytes
- melanocytes
- langerhans' cells
- merkel cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - most numerous cell of oral mucosa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - cells have nuclei in ALL layers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - some cells have nuclei and others are anucleate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- most similar to skin
- upper layers are anucleate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - CT: cells (same as normal CT) and extracellular matrix containing collagen type I and elastic fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- layer of CT underneath lamina propria
- can be attached to muscle or bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- nonkeratinized stratified squamous
- function as protection and nonspecific defense
- most in oral cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- parakeratinized and orthokeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
- functions to protect against forces of chewing
- found in gingiva and hard palate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- has papillae, tastebuds, and keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
- specialized for sense of taste
- found on dorsal side of tongue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- masticatory mucosa
- lamina propria attached to bone
- lots of rete pegs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- lining mucosa
- nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
- contains palatine minor salivary gland |
|
|
Term
| palatine minor salivary gland |
|
Definition
| - all mucous secreting gland in soft palate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - stratified squamous keratinized |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- junction of dry skin/moist mucosa
- keratinized epithelium with deep rete pegs
- blood vessels come close to skin
- doesn't have any glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- lining mucosa
- minor labial salivary glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- lingual papillae on anterior 2/3 of tongue
- specialized mucosa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- filiform
- fungiform
- foliate
- circumvallate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- most numerous type
- shaped like cones
- NO taste buds
- function mainly mechanical
- may function in aiding food back to throat or cleaning oral cavity and teeth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- mushroom-shaped
- some tastebuds on surface
- blood vessels close to surface
- appear as red dots on tongue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- parallel ridges on lateral margins of posterior tongue oriented at right angles to long axis of tongue
- has tastebuds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- round structures arranged in V shape
- junction btwn anterior and posterior tongue
- largest papillae
- 100s of tastebuds
- function in taste
- associated with all serous secreting minor lingual salivary glands (von Ebner) |
|
|
Term
| serous glands of von Ebner |
|
Definition
- found on circumvallate papillae
- all serous secreting minor lingual salivary gland
- serves as solvent for food molecules called "tastants" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- contained within epithelium of fungiform, foliate, and circumvalate papillae
- also located on epiglottis, soft palate, larynx and oral pharynx
- sensory organ receptors for taste |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- no lingual papillae/tastebuds
- lingual minor salivary glands
- tonsils in lamina propria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- no papillae/tastebuds
- nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
- lining mucosa
- lamina propria directly attached to muscles of the tongue |
|
|
Term
1. mucosa
2. submucosa
3. muscularis externa
4. adventitia/serosa |
|
Definition
| four layers of digestive tract, starting from lumen: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- located in stomach
- secretes pepsinogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- secreted by chief cells
- changed to pepsin by stomach acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - starts protein digestion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- located in stomach
- secrete HCl to activate pepsin
- secrete gastric intrinsic factor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - activates pepsinogen --> pepsin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- chief cells
- parietal cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- located in small and large intestine
- digestion and absorption of fats, proteins and carbohydrates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- located in small intestine
- releases antibacterial agents in response to bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- located in the small and large intestine
- mucous-secreting cell that protects from acids |
|
|
Term
- bile duct
- hepatic artery
- portal vein |
|
Definition
| three components of portal triad of liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- two hepatocytes form this
- site where bile is first released |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- hepatocytes border on ____
- special type of blood vessel of liver |
|
|
Term
- classical
- portal
- liver acinus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| classical/anatomic lobule |
|
Definition
| - lobules emphasizes endocrine function of liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - lobule emphasizes the exocrine function of the liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - used to explain liver pathology |
|
|
Term
- exocrine: digestive enzymes --> ducts
- endocrine: hormones --> blood |
|
Definition
| difference between exocrine pancreas and endocrine pancreas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - digestive enzymes --> ducts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- consists of bile ducts from liver and gallbladder
- transports and releases bile into duodenum for digestion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- seepage of fluid from blood
- tissue fluid
- primarily water
- contains lymphocytes
- transports antigens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- diffuse lymphatic tissue
- lymphatic nodules
- lymphatic organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - primary lymphatic organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - secondary lymphatic organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- accumulation of immune cells
- usually found in loose CT
- GALT, MALT, BALT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- groups of b-lymphocytes in CT
- contain immune cells that react to foreign molecules and destroy them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- primary lymphatic organ
- location for b-cell maturation
- if b cells do not mature here, there will be no b cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- primary lymphatic organ
- site of t cell maturation and differentiation
- if this is missing, there will be no t cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - site of immature t cells that cannot function in body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - t-cells that can leave and function in body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- secondary lymphatic organ
- connected to lymphatic vessels
- filter lymph
- produce lymphocytes and antibodies
- store lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - part of lymph node that contains lymphatic nodules w/lots of b cells |
|
|
Term
| deep cortex of lymph nodes |
|
Definition
| - part of lymph node that contains lots of t cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - part of lymph node that contains lots of plasma cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- secondary lymphatic organ
- largest lymphatic organ
- hemopoiesis in fetal development
- compensatory hemopoiesis in adults
- destruction of aged RBCs
- filtration of blood
- production of abys
- reservoir for RBCs and platelets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- has blood vessel called central artery
- lymphatic nodules with b cells
- periarterial lymphatic sheath (PALS) with t cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- contains all types of blood and immune cells
- has capillary called splenic sinusoid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - antigens enter spleen from ____. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antigens reach the central canal in the ____ pulp. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ____ cells are induced to proliferate into plasma cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plasma cells release ____ into circulation in the white pulp. |
|
|
Term
| conducting portion of respiratory system |
|
Definition
| - takes air from environment to lungs |
|
|
Term
| respiratory portion of respiratory system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| c-shaped hyaline cartilage |
|
Definition
| - structure that keeps trachea lumen open |
|
|
Term
| plates of hyaline cartilage |
|
Definition
| - structure that keeps the bronchus open |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - support for the wall of the bronchiole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - contains receptors for sense of smell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- olfactory
- ciliated columnar
- goblet cell
- clara/bronchiolar cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - move material away from respiratory tract w/cilia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- secretes mucus
- participates in mucociliary elevator |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - secrete some components of surfactant to reduce surface tension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - component of gas exchange barrier/ air-blood barrier |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - produce/secrete all components of surfactant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - clear surfactant and debris from alveoli and respiratory bronchioles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| name the primary lymphatic organs: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| name the lymphatic organs that are organized with a cortex and medulla: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| name the secondary lymphatic organs: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| name the lymphatic organ organized as red pulp and white pulp: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| name the lymphatic organs that have groups of lymphatic nodules: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| If this organ does not function properly, there won't be any b-cells throughout the body: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| name the lymphatic organ that functions to filter lymph: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| name the lymphatic organ that functions to filter blood: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if this lymphatic organ does not function properly, there will not be any t-cells throughout the body: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| name the lympatic organ that functions to destroy aged RBCs: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- filtering unit of kidney
- produce filtrate of blood plasma |
|
|
Term
| glomerular filtration barrier |
|
Definition
- allows proteins smaller than albumin to exit circulation
- prevents anionic proteins from leaving circulation |
|
|
Term
| proximal convoluted tubule |
|
Definition
| - reabsorbs glucose, amino acids, ions and vitamins back into surrounding kidney tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- regulates urine pH
- controls Na/K levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - measures concentration of Na in filtrate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- measure blood pressure in arterioles
- secrete renin if Na low |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - collects urine from the distal convoluted tubule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - functions in RBC production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - production of sperm/ova |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - picks up oocytes that are released from the ovary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the endocrine system consists of endocrine glands that produce ____. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells must have ___ for the hormones in order to respond to them. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormones are carried from the cells that secrete them through CT or vascular system to ___ cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the pituitary gland is controlled by and physically attached to the ____, while physiologically attached by a ____ network. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the adenohypophysis is made of epithelial glandular tissue and the ____ is the largest part. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the _____ controls the release of hormones from the pars distalis into surrounding capillaries. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| which is the largest part of the neurohypophysis, which contains axons and also secretes 2 types of hormones? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ___ is the outer region of the adrenal gland underneath the tissue capsule and is divided into 3zones, each secreting a different ___ hormone. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ___ is the inner region, functioning like nervous system and producing ____ like adrenaline. |
|
|
