Term
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Definition
penetrate deep into earth |
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Term
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Definition
where seismic waves experience an abrupt change in velocity |
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Term
mohorovicic discontinuity |
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Definition
boundary between upper crust and mantle |
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Term
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Definition
outer boundary of the core |
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Term
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Definition
where s-waves dont travel through, 105 degrees |
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Term
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Definition
105-140 degrees, where P-waves slow down |
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Term
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Definition
a break in Earth's crustal rocks |
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Term
normal, reverse, lateral faults |
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Definition
hanging wall is lower, hanging wall is higher, strike slip fault |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
strike, compass direction of line w/ horizontal plane dip, angle from joint plane to horizontal plane |
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Term
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Definition
anticline, uparched layer rocks syncline, downwardly folded rocks monoclines, single bend in a horizontal strata |
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Term
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Definition
like anticlines and synclines, but in elliptical to circular shapes |
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Term
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Definition
where two continental crusts collide |
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Term
ridge push and slab pull model |
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Definition
since spreading centers are high on the ocean floor, they force oceanic crust below continental crust |
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Term
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Definition
distinct layers, core mantle crust, based on density |
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Term
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Definition
how the earth was during the archean |
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Term
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Definition
rocks that formed from the cooling magma |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
oldest part of a continent |
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Term
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Definition
where shields are blanketed by sediment |
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Term
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Definition
largely gneisses, derived strongly from strongly heated and deformed granitic rocks |
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Term
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Definition
volcanic rocks along with metamorphosed sediments |
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Term
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Definition
multicellular animals that possess more than one kind of cell, have their cells organized into tissues and organs |
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Term
requirements for sediment deposition |
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Definition
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Term
terrestrial sediment environments |
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Definition
lakes, rivers, alluvial fans |
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Term
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Definition
lakes, coarse at shoreline, fine at center lenticular(thin towards the edge) |
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Term
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Definition
gravity and water deposits that occur along the margins of mountainous regions where the steep topography meets the flat plains. |
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Term
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Definition
alluvial fans spilling out of ravines from a mount front |
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Term
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Definition
rivers, sediments of all sizes |
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Term
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Definition
common sediment structure in fluvial sediments |
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Term
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Definition
continental shelf, slope and rise, abyssal plain |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
steepest part of ocean floor |
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Term
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Definition
as the sediments descend, it mixes with water and forms a cloud |
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Term
history of physical earth |
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Definition
geography, topography, climate, atmosphere |
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Term
history of biological earth |
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Definition
how organisms change, adapt, move |
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Term
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Definition
all rocks are composed of one or more minerals all minerals have a particular crystal comp and structure |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
determines the shape of mineral |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
unique properties of a mineral |
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Definition
chemical formula, crystal structure, hardness, density, color, cleavage, melting point |
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Term
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Definition
either silicate or non silicate |
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Term
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Definition
melt, precipitation, solid state diffusion |
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Term
What determines which elements form which minerals? |
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Definition
availability of elements, temperature |
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Term
igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic rock |
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Definition
solidified from melt detritus solid state diffusion |
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Term
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Definition
on surface, normal pressure and temperature |
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Term
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Definition
foliated - crystals align parallel nonfoliated - they dont |
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Term
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Definition
how you tell the age of rock radioactive decay radiometric dating |
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Term
how do isotopes occur in rocks? |
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Definition
locked in when crystal forms |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
determining the age of a rock through half life |
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Definition
1/lamda multiplied by ln([d/p]+1) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
things all sed. rocks have in common |
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Definition
deposits of eroded/weathered remains of other rocks transported and deposited somewhere else once deposited, undergo compaction and lithification |
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Term
clastic sedimentary rocks |
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Definition
tiny bits and pieces of rocks |
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Term
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Definition
most stable, stand up to weather the best |
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Term
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Definition
1. little weathering -many different minerals -jagged pieces -large pieces 2. alot of weathering -well sorted -rounded -stable minerals -smaller pieces |
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Term
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Definition
conglomerate>sandstone>siltstone>claystone |
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Term
ways sediment is transported |
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Definition
wind, water, ice, gravity |
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Term
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Definition
when the finer sediment is layered on top of the coarse sediment |
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Term
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Definition
bed - more than 1 cm lamination - less than 1 cm |
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Term
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Definition
calcite - limestone dolomite - dolostone |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
long term preservation of organic remains |
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Term
fossils are usually found in... |
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Definition
clastic sediments - mud and sand stones
lakes, rivers, ocean
unusual materials - amber, frozen, peat bogs, tar |
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Term
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Definition
become buried conducive fossil environment |
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Term
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Definition
crust>upper mantle>mantle>outer core>inner core |
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Term
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Definition
primary/compressional waves particles move same direction as energy can travel through solids and liquids |
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Term
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Definition
secondary or shear waves particles move perp. to energy only thru solids |
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Term
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Definition
speed P>S>Surface feel first P, S, Surface |
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Term
how density affects absolute speed of waves |
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Definition
the denser the rock, the faster they travel, because the atoms are closer |
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Term
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Definition
outer shell of earth, crust and upper most mantle |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
thickness of crust varies in... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Early jurassic super continent |
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Term
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Definition
when aesthenosphere rises within a plate boundary |
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Term
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Definition
quebec, greenstone belt 4.28 byo |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
4-5 times per million years |
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Term
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Definition
many things, but no free oxygen, so no ozone, so very high UV |
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Term
miller and urey experiment |
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Definition
methane and ammonia gas and water in a test tube, heated and electrified, amino acids form |
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Term
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Definition
first sign of life, high 12c/13c ration -organisms like 12c for building -only carbon used for building life has 100/1 ratio that the isua formation had |
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Term
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Definition
another early sign of life -normally found in organism to make cell walls -methanogen |
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Term
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Definition
3.5 bya, formed stromatolites, which are alternating mounds of sediment and cyanobacteria -uses photosynthesis to consume CO2 and form O2(free oxygen) |
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Term
Changes because of oxygen - iron |
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Definition
turns ferrous iron(no O2) to ferric iron (oxidized iron), because it oxidizes the iron in the water and it precipitates out |
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Term
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Definition
simple, no nuclei, bacteria + cyano bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
complex, have nuclei, have organelles |
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Term
locations of banded iron formations |
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Definition
australia, south africa, north america |
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