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| Political philosophy that stressed the divine right theory of kingship: the French king Louis XIV was the classic example. |
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| An economic system with origins in early modern Europe in which private parties make their goods and services available on a free market. |
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| Sixteenth-century Catholic attempt to cure internal ills and confront Protestantism; it was inspired by the reforms of the Council of Trent and the actions of the Jesuits. |
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| Religion emerging from Middle East in the first century C.E. holding Jesus to be the son of God who sacrificed himself on behalf of mankind. |
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| Copernicus' suggestion in 1543 that the sun, rather than the earth, was the center of the universe. |
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| The "free warriors" of southern Russia, noted as cavalrymen. |
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| Catholic attempt (1545-1563) that sought to direct reform of the Roman Catholic Church. |
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| An Enlightenment view that accepted the existence of a god but denied the supernatural aspects of Christianity; in deism, the universe was an orderly realm maintained by rational and natural laws. |
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| British joint-stock company that grew to be a state within a state in India; it possessed its own armed forces. |
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| Eighteenth-century philosophical movement that began in France; its emphasis was on the preeminence of reason rather than faith or tradition; it spread concepts from the Scientific Revolution. |
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| Central and western European kingdom created at the Treaty of Verdun in in 843 and lasting until 1806. |
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| Renaissance scholars interested in moral philosophy, history, and literature, drawing inspiration from classical texts. |
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| Remissions of the punishment of a Christian's sins that could be purchased from the Roman Catholic Church. |
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| Group founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1540 that maintained high educational standards and served worldwide as missionaries. |
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| Early forerunner of the modern corporation; individuals who invested in a trading or exploring venture could make huge profits while limiting their risk. |
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| Code enacted by Catharine II placing Russian serfs under the tight control of landlords. |
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| Mathematical Principles of Natural Newton's 1686 work in which he offers mathematical explanations of the laws that govern the physical world. |
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| Powerful Turkish empire that lasted from the conquest of Constantinople (Istanbul) in 1453 until 1918 and reached its peak during the reign of Süleyman the Magnificent (r. 1520-1566). |
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| Treaty ending the Thirty Years' War that lays the foundation for independent sovereign states. |
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| Sixteenth-century European movement during which Luther, Calvin, Zwingli, and others broke away from the Catholic church. |
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| The theory that the earth is motionless and surrounded by nine spheres. Could not account for observable planetary movements, but was consistent with Christian theory of creation. |
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| Method of getting around guild control by delivering unfinished materials to rural households for completion. |
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| Name of French King Louis IVX, a powerful absolute monarch. |
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| Institution organized in 1478 by Fernando and Isabel of Spain to hunt out heretical or contrary opinions; subjects of persecution included Protestants, Jews, Muslims, and witches. |
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| Rousseau's work in which he advocates social and political equality and freedom. |
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| Conflict lasting from 1618 to 1648 starting in Bohemia and eventually involving much of Europe. |
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| United East India Company (VOC) |
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| Dutch joint-stock company, founded in 1602, that operated Dutch trading posts with government support but with little government oversight. |
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| Vernacular (ver-NA-kyoo-lar) |
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| The language of the people; Martin Luther translated the Bible from the Latin of the Catholic church into the vernacular German. |
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| Palace of French King Louis XIV. |
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| Pen name of French philosophe Francois-Marie Arouet (1694-1778), author of Candide. |
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