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| __________ is the idea that American Foreign policy should be first and foremost, keeping communist from spreading. |
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Definition
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| _______________________ was a house committee charged with conducting investigations on the loyalty of American citizens (the first one infiltrated was Hollywood), but they really made its name by the investigation of Alger Hiss. |
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Definition
| House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) |
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| _________ was a diplomat, statute of limitations had expired for treason, but he was convicted of perjury, discredited democrats on foreign policy issues. This gave credibility to these kinds of charges. Then he was perused by Richard Nixon (Tricky Dicky.) |
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| ________________ were Jewish members of the Communist Party, convicted in 1951, sentenced to death for selling secrets about the bomb to the soviets . |
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Definition
| Julius and Ethel Rosenberg |
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| ______________ was a senator from Wisconsin who made a speech naming 250 communists working in the state department which caused the general public to become hysterical and led to his appointment of a powerful committee. Later he was denounced and humiliated; afterwords he died of alcoholism. |
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| ___________ was a Senator of MS, who purged NAACP by helping in the anti-communism search within the NAACP.who used mine HUACs all around in MS to break up NAACP |
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| _____________ equated any activity by the federal government in individual states to be actions of the Soviet police state. |
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| ______________ was a organization formed in the black belt of Alabama that signified the first time agriculture workers were organized. |
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| The _____________ was the first one of its kind that was interracial. It was put down by the police and other agencies that owned the mill where it occurred at. This became a sign for others to see how the mill towns were run. |
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| _____________ worked on the Scottsboro boys case. They got 4 of the men charged acquitted, and the rest got varying lengths. |
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Definition
| International Labor Defense |
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| The _____________ was a court case where - In 1931, there was a mixture of people in a train car. Some were white women, others were black men. The women were intoxicated and when they were questioned about being alone in the car with the black men, the women accused the men of rapping them. Police stopped the train and arrested the nine black men left on the train. Eight of these black men were sentenced to death. The NAACP worked and got the case sent back to trial. |
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Definition
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| The __________ was a black group whose original goal was to overturn the Jim Crow laws through a series of small court decisions. They used a groundwork strategy by Charles Hamilton Houston. |
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Definition
| National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) |
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_______________
-Born in Washington D.C.
-Member of the small black professional class in D.C.
-Got his Bachelor’s degree at Amerhurst and his Law degree from Harvard.
-Became the Dean of the Law School at a major black university, Howard.
-Also, the head of the Legal Department for the NAACP.
-Worked for the NAACP and trained a group of lawyers who would win groundbreaking cases in the US later on. |
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| ____________ was Charles Hamilton Houston's protégée and was a lawyer who was best remembered for his high success rate in arguing before the Supreme Court and for the victory in Brown v. Board of Education. |
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Definition
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| ________________ was a court case that ruled separate was not equal and schools must be integrated. |
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Definition
| Brown vs. Board of Education |
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| __________________ headed the Citizen’s Council. Very powerful and very well-known because he was the former football captain at MSU. |
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Definition
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| _____________ compiled lists of anyone affiliated with civil rights movements, start doing little things to prevent people from belonging to these events such as calling or denying a loan or cancel their car insurance or evict people |
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| _______________ was a policy that was meant to unite white politicians and leaders in Virginia in a campaign of new state laws and policies to prevent public schools desegregation. |
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| ________________ tried to keep desegregation from happening. It made politicians sign a contract saying they supported segregation. |
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| ____________ were many county schools that became private and started charging dues to cut out blacks. |
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| __________ in 1957, called in the national guard to stop the desegregation of the Little Rock High School, but was overpowered by Eisenhower when he called in the military. |
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| ___________ was governor of Mississippi in 1962, when James Meredith won an eighteen month legal battle to desegregate Ole Miss. He did not want to desegregate Ole Miss publicly, and then privately called Kennedy and asked for a way to save his image. On November 1st, the biggest Confederate Flag was unveiled at an Ole Miss Football game. Barnett was overcome with emotion and called off the deal with Kennedy. On Sunday, Kennedy sends Meredith to Ole Miss anyways and promises to protect him. On Monday, the University was almost destroyed and for twenty years afterwords the University suffered for Barnett’s actions. They even had trouble recruiting faculty. |
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Definition
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| ______________ was the name given to Mississippi because of their segregationist ways and lack of respect for the federal government’s demands to desegregate. |
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Definition
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| _________ is the group created by Roy Wilkins, that was dominated by middle class and professionals. It had leaders that came from prominent cities in the north or the upper south cities. Their tactics were primarily legal. Originally wanted to use the federal courts to overturn Palsy vs. Ferguson and then Jim Crow all together. Used courts and legislation. |
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Definition
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| _______________________ emerged as an opponent of the NAACP. It was led by Martin Luther Kind. It was headed by Protestant women. Their tactics: Peaceful mass demonstrations (large marches). Usually mostly women and children. They were very good at picking the right people to target. Picked those that they knew would react violently. |
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Definition
| Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) |
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Term
| _______________ led the SCLC, and was a key figure in the civil rights movement. He gave the "I have a dream speech." |
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Definition
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| ________________ were trained activists, famous for dramatic protests. Tactics were small but dramatic non-violent protests such as sit-ins and freedom rides. Initially they had an integration vision, but abandoned if for Black Capitalism. |
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Definition
| Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) |
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Term
| ____________________ was the most radical, young, and hippest group. The leaders were college students, people in the 20’s, high school students, and teenagers. They were known for going into rural areas where other organizations gave up on because it was so hard to organize. SNCC took this as a challenge. Tactics: The most radial, voter registration drive, idea was to register people to vote to expose the lies that black people would vote if you protected them. |
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Definition
| Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) |
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Term
| _____________________ was an arrangement in Mississippi, that was formalized by COFO. This allowed all of the organizations to work together. It brought together important people from each organization. |
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Definition
| Council of Federated Organizations (COFO) |
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Term
| __________ was the NAACP’s field secretary. |
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Definition
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| ____________ was CORE’s field secretary |
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Definition
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| ____________ was CORE’s field secretary |
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Definition
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| ____________ was the leader of the NAACP, and he had an intense dislike for Martin Luther King Jr. |
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Definition
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___________ began in the 1960’s. Started in Greensboro, NC. An integrated group, usually college students, would go sit at a lunch counter until one of two things happened:
1. They would eventually be served.
2. They would be arrested and come back again. |
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____________ occurred when a group of integrated people, usually college students, would buy tickets on Greyhounds. Wanted to desegregate the terminals.
- Upper South – People got dirty looks and were yelled at buy generally had no problems.
- Deep South – intense violence, finally a bus crossing from Alabama to Mississippi was firebombed.
- This drug the federal government into the dispute. |
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Definition
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| ____________ was the police commissioner of Birmingham. Known for his extreme suppression of Civil Rights. |
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Definition
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The ______________ was where ing made his “I have a Dream,” speech.
- This showed how much support this movement had. |
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Definition
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| ______________ became president when JFK was assassinated. He was not as publicly liked as JFK. He was from Texas and had no Civil Rights history. In the end, he became a better supporter of Civil Rights that JFK was because he was very good at manipulating others. |
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The ________________:
- Did away with Jim Crow segregation.
- Brought bout many of the changes that the people wanted.
- Did not address voting rights. |
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Definition
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During _______________:
- Centered around COFO in Mississippi
- There was a mass registering of African Americans to vote.
- Three activists disappeared and were finally presumed dead. |
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Definition
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Term
| -____________ was a white activist and a college student from the north that was murdered during Freedom Summer. |
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Definition
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| .____________ was a white activist and a college student from the north that was murdered during Freedom Summer. |
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Definition
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| _____________ was black man from Mississippi that was murdered during Freedom Summer. |
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Definition
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| SCLC organized a protest in _________. The response was even more violent than in Birmingham. |
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Definition
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Term
| With the ________________ all of the grandfather clauses and other loopholes were abolished. |
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Definition
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During the ____________:
- Two white police officers stopped a black motorists.
- Motorists felt like he had been targeted for his race.
- An argument started and a crowd formed.
- One of the officers got nervous about the crowd and used his billy club on motorist.
- Started a riot that went on for a week.
- Thirty-four people died, twenty-nine of them were black. Buildings were burned and stores were looted.
- Riot had to be shut down by the National Guard. |
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During the ____________:
- Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated in Memphis.
- Sparked outrage across the nation.
- Every single major city had riots.
- 3,800 people in hospitals.
- Many buildings are still condemned today that were burned during these riots. |
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Definition
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| ____________ was head of the SNCC in 1964. He got arrested multiple times and during a demonstration he said, “I’m not going to jail again. All I want is Black Power.” |
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Definition
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____________:
- People heard Carmichael scream this and overnight it became a sensation.
- Blackness is not something to be hidden and rubbed out, but something to be proud about.
- People began naming their children very Africanized names.
- Some people were so inspired that they formed the Black Panther Party. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____________ co founded the Black Panther Party with Huey Newton. |
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Definition
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| ___________ co founded the black panther party with Bobby Seale |
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Definition
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| _______________ had armed black men dressed in army garb and walked a beat to protect themselves and black communities. |
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Definition
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• History of Vietnam conflict and its escalation during 1960s and 1970s:
- Containment had come to dominate American foreign policy – idea was continue towards stopping the spread of communism anywhere outside of its 1945 borders.
- Action occurs in small, 3rd world areas, not in any major countries due to containment. Thus, US became deeply involved in Vietnam.
• Vietnam was once a Chinese province, then a colony of France, then a Japanese colony during WWII.
• Vietnamese nationalists, under Japanese control, fought as insurgents against Japanese in WWII: by definition, they were allied with the US.
- Ho Chi Minh was working with the US to help fight the Japanese.
• Minh was a communist and the insurgency and nationalist movement is Communist.
• When WWII ended, the Japanese were removed and Vietnamese figured Vietnam would become an independent country.
• France wanted to restore its overseas empire, so they sent over troops in 1945. Minh asked the US for help in removing the French.
• US backed French efforts to recolonize Vietnam. Minh again established a nationalist army; fought until 1954.
• France, in 1954, quit entirely. Only US fought communism in Vietnam after. It was a three way fight between Vietnamese communists, non-communists, and French.
• Vietnam was then split, independent and communist in the North with the South being capitalist a d democratic. An election was supposed to be held for the decision of the partition. As soon as the partition was signed into law, the fighting in South Vietnam was organized again.
• US President Eisenhower, then Kennedy (D). Democratic party was soft on communism. The fight escalated during Kennedy’s and Johnson’s presidency.
• Before 1964, US aid was largely in the form of advisors. Formally, US and North Vietnam were not at war. In 1964, after escalating incidents, Johnson passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, beginning the formal period of American participation in war. 100,000 troops in Vietnam in 1964. 1967, there was 500,000 troops in Vietnam.
• Americans were puzzled because they kept winning but the war did not end. The North Vietnamese and Vietcong were fighting to defend their own homes (could not and would not quit). They could fight guerilla wars after they lost battles and dispersed. Americans were getting frustrated from the higher death tolls, costs, and from bad reports from Vietnam.
• In addition to bad reports of Vietnamese conditions, the draft also discouraged Americans from the war. Deferments such as marriage or student statuses began to end.
• End of War:
- The peace afterwards was humiliating for US.
- Ho Chi Minh City and communism established after. LOOK UP.
- Large number of deaths; land still destroyed today and still has not recovered because of the agrarian economy
- For the US: 150 billion dollars; 55,000 soldiers died; 300,000 wounded; American confidence and self-esteem were badly shaken by defeat in this war.
- The war and anti-war movement essentially ripped the country apart in the 1960s. |
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Definition
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_________________ was an organization formed in 1962 and coordinated all famous student protests of the 1960s It was about economic justice and the way minorities were treated. It came about due to the impact of Cold War and Vietnam had on the young people of the 1960s It wanted a disarming nukes and de-scaling the army. Most of actions were on campus issues:• Critical relationship between military, government, and major universities.
• ROTC programs, science departments getting most money from government defense contracts
• As the draft escalated, every major university had a protest against the draft at some point in the 1960s
• Strikes were designed to shut down universities till administrators made promises |
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Definition
| Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) |
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Term
| ____________ were involved in number of bombings and arson. Even though this group was an exception to overall student movement, but the violent actions of some in the student movement and of the question of authority of the movement created the image in the older and working class adults of spoiled brats not wanting to listen to their parents. |
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Definition
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| _______________ successfully organized migrant Mexican farm workers into the United Farm Workers Union. |
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Definition
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| ______________ was an organization of migrant Mexican farm workers that was brought about through Cesar Chavez. |
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Definition
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______________:
- Before the 1960s, it was rarely discussed. There was no “gay” community.
- At a known gay bar, the patrons of the bar were subjected to a rough and humiliating raid by local police. In response to the raid, those in the Stonewall Inn taunted the officers and a riot broke out. It spread, and became the first real noticeable movement in a gay community.
- More public discussion of public homosexuality
- Idea was that talking about it publicly meant it could not be dismissed as abnormal
- Within the community, the most notable part was that the number of people who came out of the closet and lived openly as gay people drastically increased.
- Of these groups, the most dynamic were women. |
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Definition
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| The ________________, passed in 1920, secured voting rights for women. |
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Definition
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_________________:
- There was a large gap between the first and second wave of feminism.
- The second wave emerged in the 1960s, 40 years after the first wave.
- Set apart from first wave by its broad platform
• In the home – man and wife’s relationship
• Women’s role in the workplace
• Women’s rights to control their own body |
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______________ was an important figure in Feminism. Wrote "The Feminine Mystique"
- Came from an affluent family and was college educated
- Her school was for old blue blood families
- She was exposed to other women like her and enjoyed her time there.
- Accepted into graduate school at Berkeley. She continued to do so well that she was granted a competitive fellowship opportunity to leave the country and do fieldwork. Her boyfriend wasn’t as good as her and didn’t have the same opportunity. So she turned it down. They broke up and she ended up in NYC.
- She worked as a journalist. Eventually, all the girls she lived with got married and started families. Later, Betty Friedan married and moved to the suburbs and settled down. She was supposed to feel content and done.
- She wasn’t happy because she felt stifled as a housewife and unfulfilled. She felt guilty for being unhappy because society said she should be happy. She felt as though something was wrong with her.
- Eventually, she realized that more women felt the same way. She started conducting interviews with these women. They became the core of a book: The Feminine Mystique |
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Definition
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| _________________ was a book written by Betty Friedan which consisted of interviews of women who lived an ideal life but were unhappy. The other group interviewed were women who worked outside the home but were underpaid and expected to then do all of the unpaid labor in the home. |
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_________________:
- Founded by Friedan and other affluent, educated housewives
- Pushed for greater educational opportunities
- Ended male only education in ivy leagues and major national universities
- There was talk for redefined role of men and women for more cooperation and companionship
- Pushed to open access to professions and politics
- Working mothers major issues were in the workplace |
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Definition
| National Organization for Women (NOW) |
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Term
| ______________ was a white woman from North Carolina who was a SNCC veteran. Wrote "Personal Politics" |
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Definition
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| __________ was a book written by Sara Evans. It swept up on inspirational model but resented the men’s treatment of women in the organization |
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Definition
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| ___________ was a white woman in SNCC. She was concerned that men in the mid 60s were using sexual conquest of white and black women to prove their manhood. |
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Definition
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| __________ cofounder of SNCC. Was tremendously influential in its early days, but in the mid-60s, the men started asking her to do different things such as making signs or keeping records instead of consulting her as they used to even though they were becoming more radical. |
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| ___________ wrote "Sexual Politics." She wanted a separate world from the male dominated one. Denounced marriage and heterosexual intercourse. Wanted the creation of women's spaces - Curves. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____________ traced the role of patriarchy on a societal level and husband-wife level. It was a rallying call showing that there was no solution to sexual politics within the institution of marriage. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____________ was the court case involving abortion. The logic was that 5th amendment protects people’s privacy and women have final control of their body over laws. States were barred constitutionally from prohibiting abortion in the first trimester. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________________ was a critique of idea that there is one essential identity of women and therefore there can be one movement that can represent all women; breaking down essentialist definition of womanhood. |
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Definition
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| ___________ was a black woman lesbian poet who immigrated from the Caribbean and grew up in poverty. |
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___________________:
- Corporate lawyer and her nanny
- Corporate lawyer, was a woman who has benefited from the second wave of feminism. She attended ivy league college then got admitted into law school that used to restrict women. She had opportunities for internships her mother wouldn’t have had. Jobs and promotions in a firm that her mother didn’t have. Women’s movement has served very well and has certain interests to protect.
- Nanny, probably of color and more likely an immigrant, without access to good schools. Maybe not same legal and political rights and different access than CL.
- Nanny & CL have different ideas about issues that are important to women.
- Idea that it’s complicated to explain what serves women and what they want. |
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Definition
| Working mother/nanny paradigm |
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Term
________________:
- Corporate lawyer and her nanny
- Corporate lawyer, was a woman who has benefited from the second wave of feminism. She attended ivy league college then got admitted into law school that used to restrict women. She had opportunities for internships her mother wouldn’t have had. Jobs and promotions in a firm that her mother didn’t have. Women’s movement has served very well and has certain interests to protect.
- Nanny, probably of color and more likely an immigrant, without access to good schools. Maybe not same legal and political rights and different access than CL.
- Nanny & CL have different ideas about issues that are important to women.
- Idea that it’s complicated to explain what serves women and what they want. |
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Definition
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Term
_____________:
- America’s always had industrial advantage in having its own raw materials it needs unlike the European powers
- Lasted into early part of 20th century. When American supply dried up, they created an informal empire in Latin American. It was far less expensive than the formal empire of Europe.
- Then Japan, Germany, and Britain got back on their feet industrially. The demand for materials increased. Resources were non-renewable, so they were running out. Cost increased. This was escalated by the supplier nations realizing the potential for a fortune. (ex. Oil) |
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Definition
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Term
| _____________________ was formed by the middle east to control the prices and supply of oil to make sure that the profit made of the middle eastern oil keeps a constant high. |
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Definition
| Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) |
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Term
| There was an ___________ in gas prices due to OPEC which caused all other facets of life to increase. Transportation, manufacturing, etc. |
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Definition
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| The government increased ___________ to combat the inflation. |
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Definition
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Term
| ______________ is when a society or economy stops the production of stable materials and products and starts producing more technological products. We’re left with economy that’s unsound at a basic level. No skeleton or foundation. |
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Definition
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______________:
- Demographic phenomenon
- From Charlotte to Orange County, Ca
- In the Southeast, Florida emerges as important to the sunbelt
• Population more than doubled
- Atlanta’s another hotspot of sunbelt
• Population of metro area increased by more than 6x in 20 years
- Texas
• Population more than doubles & the cities emerge as very large cities
- California
• Population increased by 40% in 20 years
• 1964, California passed New York as the largest state. Also, people were flooding into cities in the Sunbelt. The older, large cities’ populations plummeted because the jobs were all leaving the cities due to deindustrialization |
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_______________:
- Most emotional issue in the white South was school desegregation
- To capitalize on this issue, the Republican strategy was to directly target the issue
- Series of national Republican candidates that make certain promises about school issues
- Busing emerges as recommended remedy to residential segregation in the South & in suburban communities in the North
- Republican national candidates announced that as Presidents they would not push the enforcement of bussing to integrated schools |
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Definition
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| _______________ was when most suburbans are Republicans and Conservative. The idea of moving to suburbs is to guarantee stability: housing values and standard of schools. Suburbans get a narrow view of the world: it creates a bubble where anything that happens outside the community seems to have nothing to do with you. |
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_______________:
- Made people think they were gone; they just went underground and reemerged in the 1970s
- People realized that they had huge numbers and were extremely well organized
• Became visible because of the economy
• Jobs flooded into the South & West
• These jobs lifted these EC out of poverty and unemployment and into the middle class
• Middle class people are more visible politically
• EC children were educated in EC schools from kindergarten to college. The Evangelical newspapers, radios, television stations, etc. It was like a national community with its own infrastructure.
• They became more prominent: Evangelical CEOs and entire companies (Wal-Mart) and in 1976, Jimmy Carter was the first born again Christian President |
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____________:
- Leaders of financial and manufacturing community
- Old American families
- Founded and ran the Republican Party
• Had a ton of power & lots of access to power
- Unfettered Capitalism
• Idea that government should leave business alone
- Believe that leaving economy alone would solve market problems
- Believed that health of corporate American determines the health of the rest of the country
- Opposed:
• Regulation
• Taxes
- On some levels didn’t care about issues
• Besides cultural issues that didn’t care about or opposed certain issues, this group’s older. When people in South and West got rid of politics of Populism, they didn’t get rid of resentment and anxiety about far away elites imposing on them.
- To unite, the group must be able to join both groups
• Bushes have sunbelt credentials & are extremely blue-blood
• Others like Barber appeal to middle America |
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Definition
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Term
| ____________ created a new union (Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Partners Union) which had better success than most other unions that succeeded in having the railroad company recognize it. |
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__________________:
- 1848 was the year of Seneca Falls Conference
- International conference in New York
- Primarily women from America and Britain
- Opening manifesto of first-wave feminism
- Key focus: voting rights and legal/formal rights for women
• Property – ownership was restricted or prohibited
• Divorce – was illegal and if it happened to be legal, women lost everything
• Biggest issue - voting rights
• Because of its narrow focus, nothing in the first wave asked broader questions such as about men in the household or about working women.
• Leading women felt that the movement had achieved its goal after getting the right to vote. Feminism went underground soon after the 19th amendment was passed. |
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Definition
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