Term
|
Definition
| faith that he had a historical mission to reestablish the greatness of France |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
rightist organization, blames parties for France’s political mess
Calls for stronger presidency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Government ownership of industries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| leader of Christian Dems, “Founding Hero” of Federal Republic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| equal opportunity, equal distribution of wealth, public responsibility for those unable to take care of selves |
|
|
Term
| European Coal and Steel Community |
|
Definition
| • Create common market for coal and steel products by eliminating trade barriers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| creates European Economic Community (Common Market) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Supported herself as a teacher, novelist, writer
• Lived “liberated”
• Saw that women had less rights
• Wrote “The Second Sex” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Disliked playing traditional female role
• Published “The Feminine Mystique”
o Women kept from reaching full potential |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Painter of abstract impressionism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Convention of drama, began in France
• Not realistic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proponent of Theater of the Absurd; wrote Waiting for Godot |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wrote The Tin Drum – reflects postwar Germany’s preoccupation with incomprehensibility of Nazi Germany |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
US, Canada, European nations
1975
Recognized all borders established since WWII
Acknowledge Soviet influence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Agreement with US and Russia to eliminate intermediate range nukes
Ends Cold War |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Iraqi forces occupy Kuwait (international outcry)
• US liberates Kuwait |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Attack in Northern Ireland
• Deaths of 2000 people, mostly civilians |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rejects modern Western belief in an objective truth, instead focuses on relative nature of reality and knowledge. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
structuralism
• Language is a human construct
• Humans possessed no capacity for knowledge until language was devised |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Binary oppositions
• One set favored over other (i.e. speech over writing)
• The privileged depends on the inferior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| • Culture is created and can therefore be analyzed in a variety of ways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
explore relationships of power
• Power is exercised, rather than possessed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| combines realistic events with dreamlike or fantastic backgrounds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| invest 23 billion in it to increase production, improve economy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o Basis of European Union
o Free movement of labor and trade between countries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (stagnation – unemployment 10% - and inflation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Luther debates with Catholic theologian, denies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Peasants had not experience economic growth; abused by lords; too many taxes
Luther supports rulers, speaks against peasants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| taught that the substance of the bread and wine is transformed into body and blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Reject theological speculation for simple Christian living
Complete separation of church and state |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| end of the world is at hand, usher in kingdom of God |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
rejuvenates Dutch Anabaptism
o Mennonites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| makes it punishable by death to deny that the king was the supreme head of the church |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
special body for enforcing moral discipline
• Geneva becomes center of Protestantism |
|
|
Term
| • Ecclesiastical Ordinances |
|
Definition
| John Calvin's new church constitution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reaffirm sacraments (mass, indulgences, celibacy, purgatory, faith, good works). Defines Catholicism to this day. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ability to do harm, diabolism (worship of satan) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mathematics and magic (math considered to be magical) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mathematics and magic (math considered to be magical) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Believed man and Earth to be center of universe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Suggest that sun is stationary, earth rotates, moon revolves around earth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rejects Ptolemy (earth center) but does not believe that earth rotates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Astronomer who believed the Earth was the stationary center of the universe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The belief that numbers and math were magical |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Invents heliocentric (sun-centered) model of solar system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rejects Ptolemy's earth-centered universe but does not believe earth rotates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Discovers elliptical orbits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Earth is the center of the universe, everything orbits earth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Invents telescope, makes discoveries. Condemned by catholic church. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Invented calculus, universal laws of gravitation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Diseases not caused by bad humors but due to chemical imbalances, treated by chemical remedies
Diagnosis and treatment of disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Published “On the Fabric of the Human Body”
Careful examination of individual organs and general structure of human body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
On the Motion of the Heart and Blood, published 1628
Corrected theories about the cardiovascular system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Attacked rationalist and empiricist views |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Entomologist (studying insects)
Fieldwork in Surinam (South America) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Female astronomer
Highly qualified but rejected to teach at universities (was a woman) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Accept nothing as true which was not evidently known to be such |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
few scientific credentials, attempt to put forward new method of acquiring knowledge (beginnings of scientific method)
Inductive principles - make an educated guess, test it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Pantheism (God is everything, everything is God)
Everything has rational explanation
Using logic and reason people can find true happiness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rationalism (accept nothing as true unless proven), separate mind/body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Keep reason and religion united (appeal to logic AND emotion) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| possessed knowledge of all scientific works of all previous centuries; communicated scientific knowledge to the masses by writing books |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Compelling people to believe was wrong; they should use their brains to decide for themselves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intellectuals of the enlightenment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attack traditional religion, apply scientific method to laws/politics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| existence of God, however he just created the world and now had no involvement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
freelance writer, studied many subjects and languages
Condemned Christianity as unreasonable and fanatical
Encyclopedia: or Classified Dictionary of the Sciences, arts, and Trades
• Advocate toleration, program for social, legal, political improvements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| God was a product of the mind, humans and everything else were just machines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Private property was the beginning of unhappiness
Government evil, but necessary since dawn of property
The Social Contract – published to harmonize individual liberty with governmental authority |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| emphasis on heart and sentiment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| art style of grace and gentle action; fondness for curves, natural lines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| surface of upper-class pleasure and joy, but underneath, sadness of the transient nature of pleasure, love, life. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the literary and artistic world of the educated and wealthy ruling classes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one of the first prominent magazines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| written and unwritten lore of the masses, passed down orally. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gives rights for non-state religious adherents to practice privately; allows Jews more freedom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Jewish communities looted and massacred |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| response to desire for deeper personal devotion to God. Focuses on personal experience of God. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Anglican minister, undergoes spiritual crisis, wants to bring salvation to all people. Believed all could be saved by experiencing God. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Torture, murder for son attempting to convert to Catholicism in a Protestant family – example of intoleration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the Wealth of Nations (1776) – markets should not be fixed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (Hereditary). Nobility of the sword. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Men who are made noble by the king for service (military, within bureaucracy) |
|
|
Term
| First, second, third estate |
|
Definition
| Clergy, nobles, commoners |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consisted of reps from the 3 orders of French society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Failure of gov’t to assume leadership at opening of estates-general
• Swore to continue meeting until they had produced a new constitution |
|
|
Term
| Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen |
|
Definition
| • Similar to American state constitutions and declaration of independence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
consists of sans-culottes patriots
• Sought revenge on those who had aided the king |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| represents interests of the city of Paris. Strenth from radical and popular elements in the city. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fear radical mobs in paris, disposed to keep king alive to protect against future issues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| price controls on goods declared of first necessity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| o Leadership of slave revolt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Keeps Reign of Terror long after its purpose is served; had become obsessed with purifying body of politics from anything corrupt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Napoleon codifies laws for entire nation
Prior to this, each section had different laws/customs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In french bureaucracy responsible for supervising all aspects of local gov’t |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| writes against Napoleon. Books banned, exiled to Germany. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Believes in tabula rasa, or "blank slate" at birth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Wish to discover economic laws that govern people; reject mercantilism, accept laissez-faire |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Religious toleration, science and reason, progress. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
designations for equality, enlightenment, sexual equality
Female members had same duties as male members |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| leads England revolution to put nitrogen in soil for agricultural revolution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| burn away impurities in iron to produce high quality iron |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| First steam-powered locomotive |
|
|
Term
| Joint-stock investment banks |
|
Definition
| mobilize savings of thousands of investors, create supply of capital. Responsibility only for amount of investment, no more. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bad harvests causing emigrants - southern Germany, Ireland (potatoes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eliminating poverty and squalor of metropolitan areas. Report on the Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formed by workers to preserve own position and to gain benefits from employers |
|
|
Term
| Amalgated Society of Engineers |
|
Definition
| largest and most successful trade union of the time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| skilled craftspeople in Midlands and northern England who attacked the machines that they believed threatened livelihoods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first important political movement of working men organized during 19th century. Try to achieve political democracy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Favors ministerial responsibility, active foreign policy, limited expansion of franchise (France) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Believed that France had reached “perfect form” of government. Dominated by 1840. |
|
|
Term
| Reform Act of 1832 (England) |
|
Definition
| Enfranchised new tons and cities; gave urban industrial communities more voice in the gov’t. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cut off money to poor to prevent laziness (make miserable conditions forcing poor to “seek better employment” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prepare constitution for united Germany. Consisted of educated, articulate, middle class delegates. |
|
|
Term
| Big German VS Small German |
|
Definition
| Include or exclude Austria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Italian "resurgence" revolutionary movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Italian revolutionary calling for united Italy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Italian aristocratic woman who worked for Italian unification |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| makes it the right of the court to overrule Congress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| guarantee domestic markets for products of own industries. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decrease internal competition. Independent enterprises work together to control prices, fix production quotas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Protests sexism in prostitution laws (punishment for women with STIs, not men)
During spread of industrialization |
|
|
Term
| German Social Democratic Party |
|
Definition
| Socialist party, eventually becomes largest single party in Germany |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Argues against Marx. Middle class was actually expanding, while proletariat was rising as well. No class struggle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| believed small revolutionary groups could produce enough violence to dissolve gov’t, usher in golden age of anarchy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| offer good housing at low rates during 2nd ind. Rev. to force other landlords to offer better housing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wealthy big business investors (invest in railways, gov’t bonds, etc) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| • Leisure time should be devoted to constructive purposes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| established school where girls were trained for economic independence and domesticity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organized temperance gatherings; later offers regular trips at lowered prices, increased profit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| took over small retail shop for dry goods, clothing. Became Bon Marche, world’s first department store |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Socialism; state to guarantee jobs, wages, workers (not industrialists) control workshops. Government must step in to create socialistic conditions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Serbian terrorist organization. Assassinate Ferdinand, Austrian Archduke |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vast encircling movement through Belgium into northern France, to surround French army |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Russia defeated by Germany (WWI) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unrestricted in terms of weapons, objectives, etc |
|
|
Term
| Liberals VS socialists (WWI) |
|
Definition
o Liberals wanted peace solutions through negotiation, no land acquisitions. (Ignored).
o Socialists – Called for negotiated settlements, have dramatic protests |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allows public authorities to arrest dissenters as traitors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Comes to power during WWI, France's traditionally liberal policies end |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| British prime minister who believed that war was causing all classes to be selfless |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
peasant who the Tsar’s wife, Alexandra, regarded as holy because he could stop her hemophiliac son from bleeding
• Influenced the throne
• Assassinated by conservative aristocrats, even though they and he supported the monarchy
• However they were too late to save the monarchy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (councils of workers’ and soldiers’ deputies) sprung up in army units and towns. Represent radical interests of lower classes; socialism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| want the Social Democrats to be a mass electoral socialist party based on Western model |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in favor of Lenin. Violent revolution. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| includes nationalization of banks, most industries; forcible requisition of grain from peasants, centralization of state administration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Leads Red Army to be well-disciplined, organized |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Second Battle of the Marne |
|
Definition
| • Germany takes one final military gamble, is defeated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| submitted by Wilson to Congress which he believed justified military struggle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 27 nations represented to negotiate worldwide ceasefire |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most important of treaties, holds Germany responsible for starting war. Pretty severe – reparations, reduce military, have demilitarized buffer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bands of armed fascists in Italy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nazi idea of living space for superior nations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| under Robert Ley – state-controlled union. Used workbook to control laborers – every salaried worker had one. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hitler’s bodyguard which ended up controlling all secret police forces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exclude German Jews from citizenship, forbade marriages and affairs between Jews and citizens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| destructive rampage against Jews in which synagogues were burned, thousands of Jewish businesses destroyed, one hundred Jews killed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| modified version of capitalist system – peasants allowed to sell produce openly, retail stores/small businesses could operate under private ownership |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| limit participation of the masses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Christian Chancellor uses armed forces to crush Social Democrats and create Christian corporate state |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| democrats, socialists, revolutionary left, takes control of Spain in 1936 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Spain - Dictatorship that lasted until his death
Favor landowners, business, and catholic clergy
Traditional, conservative, authoritarian regime |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Italy - 1923. If 25% of the vote = 2/3 of the seats |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vatican City – Catholocism sole religion of state |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| German republic established after WWI, before Nazis |
|
|
Term
| The Sorrows of Young Werther |
|
Definition
| Romanticism. (Johann Wolfgang von Goethe) – sought freedom in order to fulfill himself – misunderstood, rejected by society. Commits suicide over deep love for a girl who did not love him |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Artist - preoccupation with God and nature, painted landscapes conveying mystery and mysticism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Artist - painted landscapes, seascapes, sunrises, sunsets. Did not idealize or reproduce with realistic accuracy (Convey moods of nature) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Communicate cherished beliefs, originally did classical but began to use elements of romanticism in uncontrolled rhythms to create drama and uplifted resolution (bridge from classical to romantic) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Composer - Intended to study medicine, but changes mind to become composer; Use emotions/moods in music to depict stories |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Holocaust - in a few weeks, 34000 executed by Action/intervention |
|
|
