Term
| Lord Dunmore's Ethiopean Regiment |
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Definition
| 1775- Lord Dunmore was the governor of VA who escaped to a British ship when militiamen fought him. He recruited African slaves in exchange for their freedom. The Ethiopian Regiment consisted of about 800 Africans who fought in exchange for freedom. |
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| late 1600s; Restricted trade for the colonists with only the British. There was also a list of enumerated goods that could only be shipped to Britain or the colonies. This resulted in smuggling and encouraged the colonists to rebel. The other Navigation acts were for revenue purposes. This was the application of the "mercantilist" economic theory that was present in the 1600s and the 1700s. |
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| Began in the 1650s; Started by the ENglish. These were Indian towns resembled to English towns. They ultimately forced the Native Americans to incorporate all of British culture. This was much more than the French Jesuits' conversions and deteriorated Indian culture. |
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| In 1682, William Penn started Pennsylvania. Quakers were a religiously radical group persecuted in England. They had an extremely egalitarian society and did not believe in paying ministers. THey also did not have schools. However they were more prosperous than New England because of the land. |
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| Prime minister that came into power in 1766 after the Rockingham Parliament fell. He was friendly towards the colonists and wanted virtual representation for them. However, he did not have the patronage system and therefore relatively had little power in Parliament. Instead, Townshend therefore had the power and passed the Townshend Plan in 1767 which was a large tax and reform program. |
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Jan 1776
1. Pamphlet wrote by Thomas Paine. First in Philadelphia and in a week spread to all colonies. It called for colonial’s declaration of independence and denounced British’s monarchy.
2. While people were only allured to the idea of independence, common sense exposed them to the radical yet plausible idea of independence and thus initiate the revolt against British’s rule. |
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1773
1.Parliament passed the Tea Act in 1773 to help it from going bankrupt. Thus allowed it to ship its tea directly to N. A. so the Americans would get inexpensive tea, the crown gets modest revenue, and the comp. wouldn’t go bankrupt.
2. Colonists resisted to this action demonstrated their hatred and absolute objection to Brit’s taxation power. Added to the growing rift toward Rev. |
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Term
| Declaration of Independence – 1776 |
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Definition
| 1. Continental Congress asked Thomas Jeff. To write the doc. IT was read in Philadelphia on July 4th. The doc. Declared Am. independent |
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Definition
1. founded as commercial venture by the Virginia Comp., based on stock holders. Few survived due to harsh climate and diseases, but survived with Powhatan’s help.
2. It’s survival and growth devasted the Powhatan bec/ it brought diseases to the INd. And then encroached on Ind’s land, which led to increase hostilities bet/ the Ind. And colonists. |
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1607 of Virginia
1. founded as commercial venture by the Virginia Comp., based on stock holders. Few survived due to harsh climate and diseases, but survived with Powhatan’s help.
2. It’s survival and growth devasted the Powhatan bec/ it brought diseases to the INd. And then encroached on Ind’s land, which led to increase hostilities bet/ the Ind. And colonists. |
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Term
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Definition
1620s
1. Indentured servants were mostly young men from 15 to 25yrs old who traded certain amount of years of labor for free passage to America with merchants.
2. Their labor was essential and needed to meet the planter’s demand as tobacco boomed. When their labor decreased, planters sought for slaves when it was expensive to employ indentured servants, which led to an increase in slavery in America. |
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Term
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Definition
15th century, roughly 1470
1. A systematic and commercialized enslavement of the mass of Africans. Mostly in West Indies, Brazil, Portuguese, and later America.
2. This trade became the main financial resource for Americans by trading and by the use of slave’s labor. |
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early 18th century
1. Legislature that white imposed on slaves, denying their rights such as: couldn’t own guns, travel, marry a white person, couldn’t own land, lost parental right, stop cultural and religious practices, etc.
2. slaves became property and the terms black and slaves became synonymous. |
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Definition
1. served as town meeting and church where officials were chosen by their high social status – in New England town
2. The wealthy dominate the local government and exert local power, a political practice of deference. (rich saw that it was their responsibility to serve) |
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Definition
1720s-1740s
1. religious revival that stressed personal rebirth and grace. It began among whites in northern colonies and then spread southward- deeply penetrated slaves
2. Ended predestination and promoted that everyone who wanted it bad enough could go to heaven. Another indication of religious conflict would involve political conflict. This movement aided the separation of church and state. |
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Definition
1730s – 1740s
1. Began in New Jersey to Massachuset, this religious revival was a result of infrastructures and the decreased in the number of ministers and people’s religious indifference. Great preacher, John Edward preached complete surrender to God for salvation – No more predestination.
2. As a result, religious diversity was permitted, caused greater erosion on hierarchy authority when the Baptists and Presbyterians broke Anglican monopoly as the Church in colonies. Thus led to the separation of church and state. |
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Definition
1730’s-1740s (during the Great Awakening)
1.They were ministers who traveled around spreading word of God, announcing that everyone could be saved and denouncing the college-trained ministers who were overeducated and dry. Famous preachers were George Whitefield and Tennents
2. They effectively carried out the evangelicalism movement. They promoted the belief that all denominations were equal, aided the separation of church and state, etc… same as the sig. of evangelicalism. |
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1670s
1.In Virginian and the New England colonies, this form of gov’t had no local election but the official positions were determined by wealth and status. Government should be by the “Best”: the wealthy and educated. |
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Definition
1756 to 1763
1.War between French and the colonies fighting for power and essentially the right on land in the North Amerca, colonial territories.
2. Indians were able to side on either side of the European power depending on the best benefits that they could get; however, because French lost, Indians no longer could “play them off.” Major point was that French was completely gone. Second major point was that the great costs of war pushed Britian to tax the colonies and essentially ended salutary neglect. |
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Definition
- 1754
1. The first formal effort of colonial cooperation when seven colonies met in New York to make policies and woo Iroquois out of neutrality. However, it the Congress failed because there was no unity.
2. It was the first step toward inter-colonial cooperation |
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1770s
1. The tree signified the colonists’ belief in wanting the end of taxation and Britian’s laws and wanted independence. The tree was put up by pro independent colonists and sons of liberties while the Tories or British army would bring it down.
2. It escalated tension in colonies, which led to public conflicts and later the Revolution itself. It showed colonial’s resistance and desire to be independent. |
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Term
| 16th century Price Inflation |
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Definition
16th century
1.An increased in the amount of money caused money supply to increase while the amount of goods stayed the same. Price increased and as a result artisans and laborers suffered when their wages didn’t keep up with the escalating price. Merchants and gentry landowners benefited because they were not tied up in the arrangement system of land.
2. Major redistribution of wealth and increase number living in the margins. It brought half of the population into poverty, pressing these poor and landless people to migrate to America.
2. Major redistribution of wealth and increase number living in the margins. It brought half of the population into poverty, pressing these poor and landless people to migrate to America. |
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Definition
16th cent. Result of Price Revolution
1.An act passed by Parliament when Gentry landowners and merchants asked to make land a commodity. Landowners began to enclose land for sheep grazing, kicking off tenants.
2. Landless tenants and the poor began to immigrated to America to find better opportunities. |
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1530s
1. Under Henry 8th, England became Protestant and the Anglican church was established to be part of Parliament, where the king could be pope. It dominated the political system and everyone needed to go to the est. church.
2. Religion and politics are one so that religious conflict meant political conflicts- the system of church and state gov’t. |
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Term
| 16th century Price Inflation |
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Definition
16th century
1.An increased in the amount of money caused money supply to increase while the amount of goods stayed the same. Price increased and as a result artisans and laborers suffered when their wages didn’t keep up with the escalating price. Merchants and gentry landowners benefited because they were not tied up in the arrangement system of land. |
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Term
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Definition
16th cent. Result of Price Revolution
1.An act passed by Parliament when Gentry landowners and merchants asked to make land a commodity. Landowners began to enclose land for sheep grazing, kicking off tenants.
2. Landless tenants and the poor began to immigrated to America to find better opportunities. |
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Term
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Definition
1530s
1. Under Henry 8th, England became Protestant and the Anglican church was established to be part of Parliament, where the king could be pope. It dominated the political system and everyone needed to go to the est. church.
2. Religion and politics are one so that religious conflict meant political conflicts- the system of church and state gov’t. |
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Definition
1650
1. England tried to regulate its economy to ensure prosperity and national power, so it exploited and monopolized the colonies by regulating trade.
2. An act of tyranny, which justified the colonies’ dissatisfaction. |
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Definition
1773
1. Stern laws that Bostonians promptly labeled it “Intolerable Act.” The act closed port of Boston to all shipping until the colonists paid for the destroyed tea, imposed Quartering Act, Quebec Act.
2. It showed that Parliament could punish the colonies and rule over them. However, this tyrannical act assured that the colonists had a cause to go against Britain. |
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Term
| Committee of Correspondence |
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Definition
1773
1. Colonies developed the committee as a result of the coercive act. It was in all of the colonies, serving as spreading info. and strategies and organizing militaries that the governor couldn’t do anything.
2. Demonstrated colonial unification and ability to be independent and self government. |
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Definition
| April 18-19, 1775; Rode from Charleston to warn militias of Lexington and Concord of the approaching British troops from Boston. Significance is that this was part of the commencement of the Revolutionary War. There was no turning back. The colonists were prepared to fight |
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Definition
| Men that were brought in from the Ministry. They stood for safe seats to represent the King. This was in the time of Robert Walpole (refer to below). |
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| 1700s, 1800s, perhaps late 1600s? Place that contained a lot of black slaves who had to work the fields. They were autonomous in cultural issues. It contrasted with the slave who worked in a household. Those slaves were more quickly incorporated into white society while the plantation resulted in the development of an African American culture, incorporating cultures from all of Africa. |
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| Early 1600s;The English settlement of Jamestown lay on sites of what had been Powhatan towns. Jamestown thus survived because the Powhatan Indians had helped the English settlers and the chief wanted to use the British in battles of his enemies that lay west. His daughter was Pocahontas who married John Rolfe. After the Powhatan chief died, relations between the English and Indians deteriorated. The chief’s younger brother mobilized a unified Powhatan Confederacy against the English. These attempts resulted in strong reprisals from the English, ultimately destructing the tribe. |
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| 1774; Passed as a part of the Coercive (AKA Intolerable) Acts intended to punish the colonists and assert British power. It extended the boundary of Canada southward (also British) from the boundary at the Great Lakes to the Ohio River. However, states bickered over this land at the Albany Congress. It infuriated them because this act gave the legal recognition of Catholicism in Canada. New England was violently anti-Catholic. |
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| 18th century; Defined political virtue, freedom. It consisted of the virtues of the country gentlemen who epitomized the republican ideals of independence from the crown (and politics), country life, and manliness. |
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Definition
| This was the Protestant Reformation, which commenced in the 16th century in order to reform the Catholic Church. However, the result was the establishment of other churches including Lutheranism. (Please don’t completely trust me on this one. I was not sure exactly to what context “revitalization” meant.) |
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| One of Olaudah Equiano’s owners, he was a Quaker who lived in Philadelphia. He promised Equiano that he could buy his freedom if he could ever raise the sum of forty pounds. Equiano earned this money by trading while working on one of King’s ships. When Equiano gives him the money, King is suspicious about how he earned the money and hesitates when Equiano asks him to give him his freedom. However, with the insistence of the Captain, King grants Equiano his freedom by manumission. It is ironic how a Quaker, who believed that all people owned slaves, however, he sets precedent in the sense that he willingly frees his slave during a time when Africans were directly associated with slavery, and almost nothing else. |
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| - (1676- 1745) He is the first British Prime Minister and is credited for having the longest term of office. He was a talent in the Whig Party (later known as the Liberal Party). His position was strengthened because the new king had relatively little knowledge of British tradition. He was “prime minister” from 1721 to 1742. He was efficient in patronage and built the majority in Parliament through the skillful use of antiquated seats (rotten burrows). |
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| Enforcement of previously passed British laws were neglected until the 1760s. Thus it was in effect until the 1760s. The British empire did not have the administrative apparatus to implement these laws and the customs’ service was extremely corrupt. It was not beginning to be implemented because the French and Indian War was extremely expensive; therefore it became of utmost importance to collect the revenues and enforce these laws. |
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| Native American tribe who, during the period of European colonial expansion (early 17th century to mid 18th century), played a crucial role in determining the fate and success of the French and British empires in North America by being a trade partner and an ally during wartime to both the British and the French. |
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| British general who, along with his British army and hundreds of American recruits, trekked across Virginia in the summer of 1755. Attempting to capture the French Fort Duquesne, both him and his troops were caught by surprise and were devastated by the French and their Indian allies, increasing the British motive of eliminating the French from North America. |
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| (1737-1793): Influential American figure during American Revolution who was a member of both the Boston Assembly as well as the Stamp Act Congress. When his sloop Liberty was seized by customs officials in 1768 for violating their trade regulations, an angry crowd mobbed them and sent them to take refuge for months on a British warship in Boston harbor. A great revolutionary figure, he later became one of the signers of the Declaration and even became president of the Continental Congress but had to retire due to problems with gout. |
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A common feature of 17th and 18th century colonial establishments, this was usually a mostly vacant building where commoners and aristocrats alike would congregate for both religious (i.e. Church meetings) and political (i.e. town meetings) purposes. This was an important indication of the egalitarian ideals of colonial America, since all classes would meet in the same area.
Minutemen: A group central to the Revolutionary war, consisting of young soldiers who were hand-picked to be highly mobile and to assemble quickly (within a “minute”). They were typically the first armed militia to arrive or await a battle. Their most famous victory was during the April of 1775 when 70 of them battled 700 redcoats sent by general Gage in Lexington. |
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| Main character in the play “The Candidates,”(1770) who was a satirical representation of 18th century republicanism. |
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| Whitefield-influenced Presbyterians (mostly Dutch reformers) during the mid-18th century (The Great Awakening) who challenged the gentry-dominated Anglican Church’s spiritual monopoly. The New Lights helped to break the Anglican monopoly as the church of the colony. |
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