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| Why is there a History and Systems Course for the Psychology Major? |
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Professor Lundquist believes that the course was incorporated into the psychology curriculum because there were so many varieties of psychology that were "current" during the time the major was being created (early 1900s).
He notes at least 7 types of psychology that were prevalent in late 19th early 20th century (late 1800s-early 1900s), as well as other possibilities
Those 7 included:
-wundts original approach (voluntarism)
-Tichener's Structuralism
-Functionalism
-Behaviorism
-Psychoanalysis
-Gestalt Psychology
-Clinical Psychology |
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| 7 Forms of Psych in late 1800s/ early 1900s |
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-Wundts voluntarism
-Titcheners Structuralism
-Functionalism
-Behaviorism
-Freud's Psychoanalysis
-Gestalt Psychology
-Clinical Psychology
All 7 being so relevant meant we needed to study the history of all of them |
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| This was one of the 7 types of psych in the early 1900s that was relevant. Together, with the time period, shaped the requirements of the psych major. It stated to investigate the nature and composition of mental states, with an emphasis on synthesizing the will! |
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| Titchener's Structuralism |
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This was one of the 7 types of psych in the early 1900s that was relevant. Together, with the time period, shaped the requirements of the psych major.
It stated that mental states should be studied through introspection of people and themselves |
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This was one of the 7 types of psych in the early 1900s that was relevant. Together, with the time period, shaped the requirements of the psych major.
It stated that the mental capacities were results of evolution for adaptive purposes. They serve a function of survival |
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This was one of the 7 types of psych in the early 1900s that was relevant. Together, with the time period, shaped the requirements of the psych major.
This one stated that psychology should focus on observable organismic responses to the environment, completely neglection the study of consciousness and introspection!
*Thought that conscious could not actually be observed |
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| Freud Psychoanalytic School |
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This was one of the 7 types of psych in the early 1900s that was relevant. Together, with the time period, shaped the requirements of the psych major.
This one stated about freud's psychoanalytic approach, and how his clinical observations had implications for the development of their personalities |
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This was one of the 7 types of psych in the early 1900s that was relevant. Together, with the time period, shaped the requirements of the psych major.
This was an approach created in Germany in opposition to structuralism and behaviorism. It stated that perception and behavior were inherently organized into wholes, and it couldnt not be broken down into sensations, stimuli, or reflexes etc |
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| Clinical Psychology (Early 1900s) |
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This was one of the 7 types of psych in the early 1900s that was relevant. Together, with the time period, shaped the requirements of the psych major.
This approach back then focused on individual differences of people, such as intelligence testing and theories on educational psych |
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Gall was the one who created Phrenology! He believed that our mind had different faculties. Each Faculty was housed in a specific area in the brain, and the faculties are different in each person. The phrenology kicks in by stating that if a faculty was well developed, the person would have a bump or marking on the head corresponding to their skull. Similarly if there was a divet someone would be bad at that particular faculty
*Through this, Gall put localization "into play" |
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This was the idea created by Franz Joseph Gall. It was the idea that our mind had different faculties in the brain. Each faculty lied somewhere else in the brain, and your brain size correlated with how good/bad you were at that faculty. Gall's Phrenology stated that there were bumps/divets in our skull to correspond with the size of our brains!
-The brain size/ skull thing has been disputed, but it changed psychology arguing the mind and brain are closely related, and stimulated localization of function research! |
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| This was the piston to the face guy! Phineas Gage was a railway worker who accidentally shot tamping iron through his head and lived! It cut through his frontal cortex in the brain, and what changed about him was his personality. He went from a friendly guy to easily agitated and irritable. His friends called him "no longer gage. This shows evidence for localization of function! |
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Aristotle was one of the predecessors to the connectionist model! Aristotle was the first to think of associations between ideas (contrast, similarity, etc) as the basis of thought! This was the first notion of a "connection" in our minds (connecting two similar stimuli)
Aristotle also believed in these associations shaping who were are, and was a fundamental empiricist! |
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He was one of the predecessors to the connectionist model! He stated that the "mind" was unnecessary notion for theories of mental life! HE felt that sensations and ideas follow simple laws of association (we associate things naturally), and the mind does not have a role in this!
*By doing so, it set the foundation for finding the "neural network" theory, instead of the mind finding the sensations for the body, its the nervous system (mind not a middle man) |
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He was one of the predecessors to the connectionist model! He stated that the "mind" was unnecessary notion for theories of mental life! HE felt that sensations and ideas follow simple laws of association (we associate things naturally), and the mind does not have a role in this!
*By doing so, it set the foundation for finding the "neural network" theory, instead of the mind finding the sensations for the body, its the nervous system (mind not a middle man)
(we dont think to associate something, we just do it!) |
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He was one of the predecessors to the connectionist model! Hartley related sensations we feel to vibrations in the nervous system! He also coined associations in the nervous system were formed when vibrated at the same time (connections get stronger and continually are used over time the more you use them)
Think, neurons that vibrate together stay together! |
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| He was one of the predecessors to the connectionist model! He was the first to coin the term "connectionism." He claimed that connections in our mind are between stimuli and responses. These "connections" were the neural parts of our brain between the stimlus and response centers, and our experience shapes the strength of those connections! |
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He was one of the predecessors to the connectionist model of psychology. He stated how "stimulus" of behavioral psychology is an infinite-multitude of micro-stimuli, representing every possible sensation on an organism in a given moment. This essentialy meaning there are a vast number different responses to 1 stimuli and a vast number of stimuli for a specific response. THIS implied for future theorists that an "input" in the model consists of many detectable but unspecifiable inputs, just as connectionism says!
*started the idea of "multiple inputs" instead of 1 input to 1 output idea |
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| Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts |
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| He was one of the predecessors to the connectionist model! Their arrangements of excitation and inhibitory connections could be the basis of computation and mental processing. THEY DISCOVERED INHIBITORY AND EXCITATION CONNECTIONS |
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He was one of the predecessors to the connectionist model! He stated how a connection between two neurons is strengthened when they become active at the same time! AKA He created the Hebb Rule, which is still fundamental for neural networks today! "Neurons that fire today wire together!"
*He also opposed radical behaviorism! He believed there were biological explanations to behavior (Hebb rule) but urged the study of cognitive processes as well! |
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| He was one of the predecessors to the connectionist model! Rosenblatt proposed the "perceptron" a model of the mind based on the architecture of the brain with "input" and "output" sets of simple neuron like units. The interconnections in the perceptron model (the result of processing) determine the output for a given input. |
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| Marvin Minsky and Seymour Papert |
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| He was one of the predecessors to the connectionist model! They actually disputed connectionism in the 1960s by criticizing the Rosenblatt "perceptron" model immensely. This caused cognitive psychology to die down until the 1980s when computers were created and became popular |
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| David Rumelhart and James McClelland |
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He was one of the predecessors to the connectionist model! When connectionism came back in the 1980s due to the emergence of computers, it becames pyschologies dominant mind model! It stated how parrallel processing by many simply "units" with many going on at once was how the mind worked, instead of a serial step by step following of programmed instructions. These two wrote a book describing it, and created "new connectionism" as we know it today!
(input to direct output is wrong like thorndike said, instead it is development of neural connections over time based on the Hebb Rule) |
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| New Connectionism Vs. Thorndike Connectionism |
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| Thorndike connectionism is the idea that we get one set of information at a time, or one input, and our sequence of information goes in an "in-then" fashion. Neural networks in new connectionism have many inputs send in information at once, and the pre-learned connections make up our outputs/ responses |
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| Four Definitions of Psychology |
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Psychology Is...
-The science of mind and behavior
-The science of knowing and experiencing
-The science of experimental epistemology
-The Science of things that move around on their own
*ONLY THE SCIENCE OF MIND AND BEHAVIOR, AND THE SCIENCE OF EXPERIMENTAL EPISTEMOLOGY ARE RELEVANT |
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| 2 Definitions of Psychology that I need to know |
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-Psychology is the science of the mind and behavior
-Psychology is the science of experimental epistemology |
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| This was the year Wilhelm Wundt in Leipzig, Germany found the first laboratory dedicated to psychology! This separated psychology from philosophy for the first time |
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| This was the year John Watson declared that to be a science, psychology must ONLY focus on what is observable, making psychology focus on behavior, rather than mind. This is what started 6 decades of behaviorism being the dominant model of psychology! |
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| Ulric Neisser published a textbook called "Cognitive Psychology," outlining the areas of study (attention, memory, perception, langauge) that had presented a consensus view of the new field that solidified its popularity and led to rapid ascendance. His book helped skyrocket cognitive psychology! |
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| Cognition accepted in psychology |
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| Cognition has ALWAYS been a part of psychology, there was just a period between the 1930s-1950s where it was ignored due to behaviorism dominance. Cognition, or the process of memory, concept formation,, attention, reasoning, etc, has been popular throughout psychology history |
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He set the stage for psychology as an experimental science!
*This was one of the ways cognitive psychology developed before the 1950s |
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Ebbinghaus studied learning and memory (thinking forgetting curve).
*This was one of the ways cognitve psychology developed before the 1950s |
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William James wrote a book called "The Principles of Psychology" and cited considerable research on cognition.
*his book was one of the ways cognitive psychology developed before the 1950s! |
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Bartlett showed that memory is influenced by more than just a "mechanical association," rather with more personal, cogntive schemas!
*This was an example of how cogntive psychology was developed before the 1950s |
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Piaget published research ion intellectual development in 1926 (piaget = super developist). piaget argued for structures and schemas determine the quality of a childrens life and interactions with environment. He argued that children were blank slates, but also argued hard for the importance of mental schemas!
*This was an example of how cognitive psychology was developed before the 1950s |
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| Gestalt and Behaviorism were created around the same time (1912 and 1913), and the two were contradictory views. Gestalt viewed psychology are purely cognitive, arguing you could not break up our perception of the world into stimuli, reflexes, etc. This hurt a lot of what behaviorists were trying to argue, which is that Those reactions to stimuli were essentially the only things we could study in psychology |
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| In 1942, Rogers argued for the importance of conscious experience in therapeutic situations (rogers was a feel good about yourself guy). This stood against behaviorism and psychoanalysis (the two dominant psych models of the time period). *This is also an example of the development of cognitive psychology prior to the 1950s |
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| George Miller During 1950 |
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Miller is seen as the leader in the emergence of cognitive psychology! Miller created an article titled "The magical number 7, plus of minus 2." in his article he noted research on how he found that people can only retain 7 "chunks" at a time (only 7 items can be stored in STM). This was extremely influencial in showing an aspect of COGNITION (memory) in psychology that had little to do with observable behavior, and thus catapulted cogntive psychology DURING the 1950s
*This is an example, THE example, of how cogntive psychology was developed during the 1950s |
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Karl Lashley argued that external stimulation was not sufficient enough to explain serial behavior. Instead, it had to come from WITHIN the organism
*This is an example of how cogntive psychology developed DURING the 1950s |
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Festinger argued against behaviorism and for cogntive psychology during the 1950s. He stated how an idea can be compatible with one person and incompatible with another person, AKA someone engaged in a boring task or smoking knowing its bad for you. WHEN you do something that you know is bad for you, you have "cogntive dissonance" and it makes you want to change your behavior! This change coming from within is evidence for cogntition
*this was BIG evidence for cognitive psychology DURING the 1950s |
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He created a book called "the study of thinking" which emphasized the concept of learning. He talked about you needed to use active utilization of cognitive strategies during learning new things!
*This was an example of how cognitive psych developed during the 1950s |
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Post 1950, George Miller did EVEN more for Cognitive Psychology. In 1960, he published "plan and structure of behavior" in which he argued for goal directed behavior as the driving force of behavior and not just a simply stimulus-response model. Additionally, he created the center for cognitive studies at Harvard University.
*these are examples of how cogntive psychology developed after the 1950s |
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| in 1967 (BIG IMPORTANT DATE), Neisser published the book "cognitive psychology" which really drove the shift away from behaviorism. |
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| Chomsky's View on Verbal Behavior |
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| Verbal Behavior was a book written by BF skinner (behaviorist) who explained language was a result of behaviorism (association and reinforcement). Chomsky BLASTED this, saying children are born with brain structures to learn the rules of language easily. But with association and reinforcement alone, they cannot learn these rules! This was in 1957, and helped the shift in psychology from radical behaviorism to cognitive psychology |
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| The science of Mind and Behavior |
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| This is the FIRST definition of psychology. It essentially describes psychology as the text book goes, as almost a battle between science of the mind (cognition) and science of behavior (behaviorism). Throughout time however, both have been vital in analyzing psychology, and thus both are relevant to describe psychology as the science as both. Each view has had its moments of dominance in psychology history, but they both make up psychology's first definition! |
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| The view that the origin of our knowledge is that we are born with innate ideas, and experience provides occasion for knowing. It is the "nature" view for how knowledge is created |
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| The view that the origin of our knowledge is that we are born as "clean slates" (tabula rasa). Experience is the source of our knowledge. It is the "nuture" view of how knowledge is created |
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| It is the theory that we obtain knowledge from manipulation of our own concepts and ideas. we "rationalize" in our heads. It is considered the "nature" view of how we learn things |
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| It is the theory that we learn by connecting experiences in our world. It is the "nuture" view of how we learn things |
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| Plato was the foundational psychologist for the theory of rationalism. He beleived in a theory known as the "reminiscence theory of knowledge" or all knowledge is innate and can only be attained through introspection (oneself). This is a huge foundation for the epistemology of psychology science |
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| Descartes was a very famous rationalist. He stated the phrase "I think, therefore I am" which established that people how their own thought processes and introspections. This went against ideas of environments shaping who we are. |
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Kant was very important to psychology for 2 reasons. First, he stated the importance of innate factors, and was an influential rationalist and nativist because of that.
2nd: He beleived psychology could never become an experimental science! He believed so because 1) the mind isnt a physical entity, 2) the mind could not be objectively observed since introspection was the only possible method, and 3) the mind couldnt be subject to mathematical analysis. These arguments were argued against, however, by later psychologists |
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| Kants 3 Arguments against psychology as an experimental science |
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1)The mind is not a physical entity (However, Helmholtz measured the speed of nerve impulses and other aspects of physical basis of thought)
2) The mind could not be objectively observed since introspection is the only possible method, and would always reveal the mind in the process of introspecting itself (but Donders invented the reaction time methodology, which provided objective measures of the functioning of other minds than his own!)
3) The mind could not be subjected to mathematical analysis (but Weber and Fechner came up with precise mathematical expressions that related intensity of a stimulus (EX light) and the magnitude of the sensory impression produced (brightness) |
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| "The mind wasn't a physical entity" proved wrong |
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| Helmholtz measured the speed of the nerve impulse and other aspects of the physical basis of thought, showing it was a physical entity! |
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| "The mind cannot be objectively observed since introspection is the only possible method" proved wrong |
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| Donders invented the reaction time methodology, which provided objective measures of the functioning of OTHER Peoples brains! |
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| "The mind cannot be subject to mathematical analysis" proved wrong |
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| Weber and Fechner came up with precise mathematical expressions that related the intensity of a physical stimulus (like like) to the magnitude of the subjective sensory impression it produced (like brightness) |
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-Helmholtz was a hard materialist, believing that everything in life could be explained by chemistry and physics
-Helmholtz felt everything could be measured, even the conduction of a nerve! He was able to find that a human nerve rate was 50m/s
-Helmholtz believed that peoples sensations (what they physically see) and their perceptions (what they think they see) were the result of "unconscious interference, or the idea that who we are makes up what we think we see!
-Helmholtz proposed a theory of color vision in terms of groups of three color receptors instead of 1 "color receptor." The different combinations of the 3 receptors dictated the different combinations of color we see as people!
-He also created the resonance place theory of auditory perception! explaining how we hear so many different perceptions of sound through different vibration of fibers in the basilar membrane! |
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| An idea created by Helmholtz, which stated that our past experiences shape our perceptions of things without us knowing it does. For example, seeing a chair and thinking to yourself "chair" helmholtz felt was the result of unconscious interference! |
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| Helmholtz Color Perception Theory |
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| AKA the Trichromatic Theory. It was the idea that we see color as a result of 3 receptors instead of 1 color receptor. This explained why different wavelengths can give you the same color experience. |
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| Helmholtz Auditory Perception Theory |
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| AKA the resonance theory of auditory perception. Helmholtz found that different areas on the basilar membrane are sensitive to different sounds! With the membrane being pitch sensitive, it explained our different perceptions of what we hear! |
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Muller created the Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies! This demonstrated that there are 5 types of sensory nerves, each containing a characteristic energy, and when they are stimulated have a characteristic sensation result. AKA, a nerve responses in its own characteristic way NO MATTER HOW ITS STIMULATED.
Mueller stressed that what we perceive is different from what we see |
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| Weber was a physiologist who focuses mainly on the sensation of touch. He discovered the theory that "perceptual judgments are relative, not absolute" He ran an experiment where participants were to say whether or not they noticed differences in weights placed in their hands and when they were asked to lift weights up. He noticed that the weight-to notice ratio, or the just noticeable difference, was different for the two conditions! This meant that the weight in which we perceive things, or our perceptions of how we perceive anything, are not always the same! They are subject to change! |
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| Fechner created Psychophysics, a concept where there is an absolute difference in psychological experience that is proportional to a physical difference in stimulus. Essentially, the recorded difference physically, compared to the felt difference psychologically, could be computed! |
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| Donders conducted the subtractive logic reaction time study! Donders would first measure the time it took to do something easy, like push a button when you see a stimulus. Then, he would tell you to push a button when you see a certain light, but showed them many different ones. The time it took to figure out when to hit the button, minus the time it took to hit the button for the simple stimulus, was the time it took for the mental process! Cognitive processes could be measured! |
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