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| Light-sensitive paper used in conjunction with the collodion negative. Printing paper was coated with a mixture of egg white and salt, allowed to dry, and then sensitized with a silver nitrate solution. The sensitized paper was placed under a negative and exposed. Albumen paper offered a rich tonal and a stability greater than the paper treated with salt and silver nitrate that was used to create the salt print. |
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| From the latin for "light room". The Camera lucida was neither a light, or a room, but a prism, mounted on a slim rod attached to a drawing board . By adjusting the prism, an artist could create the illusion that a scene was projected on to the drawing board. |
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From the latin for "dark room". the camera obscura
was originally a darkened chamber with a hole or lens in one wall that allowed an image of the outside world to be projected on to the opposite wall. Small portable versions were later constructed , which made it possible to copy images reflected on to a panel of translucent glass. The camera obscura ultimately became the box of the photographic camera. |
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| called a card photograph in the US, was a small photographic portrait mounted on a cardboard backing that was about to size of a visiting card. |
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| from the italian for "light and dark", refers to the contrasts between light and shade in a painting or a photograph. Chiaroscuro is often used to highlight an important subject and to create dramatic effects. |
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| An adaptation of lithography used to make multiple prints derived from photographic negatives. Photosensitized gelatin was applied to glass plate, and then exposed to a negative. After careful processing, the resulting plate could be inked and printed on paper |
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| A technique that uses two or more negatives to make a final print. |
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| A photographic technique invented by Sir John Herschel. It uses iron salts to produce a deep blue image, and is the source of the blueprint or dyeline process used today |
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| Originally hyposulphite of soda, a substance that dissolved silver salts and stopped the further development of the silver. Today "hypo" is the related substance, sodium thiosulfate. |
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| An image registered on a photographically sensitive surface, like paper or a metal plate, but which is not visible to the eye. The latent image must be developed through a chemical process. |
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| A printing technique in which an image is reproduced on a flat surface, originally a stone, but later a copper or zinc plate, rather than by being cut or gouged into a surface, like metal or wood. To make a lithography the surface |
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| A photographic techique developed by William Henry Fox Talbot that used light-sensitized paper to product a negative from which multiple positive prints could be made. |
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| French engraver Gilles_Louis Chretien adapted the pantograph to make engravings in 1786, calling his invention the physionotrace. An artist viewed the sitter through an eyepiece, moving it to trace the sitter's profile. A stylus in the lower area of the physionotrace tracked the eyepiece movements exactly, registering them in ink on paper. The portrait was then transferred to a copper plate, etched, and used to make multiple images. The central parts of the image were then engraved by hand. |
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| One of the earliest photographic techniques to sensitize paper in order to make a photographic print. Paper was soaked in salt and then coated on one side with silver nitrate, yielding a light-sensitive silver choloride surface. The paper was then dried, placed under a negative, and exposed to light, producing a photographic print. |
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A technique for producing photograhs that when seen through a special viewer(stereoscope) produces the illusion of depth. Two images taken from slightly different angles are printed on a card, which is put the viewing device. Sterographs approximate the distance between the two human eyes that helps to produce depth perception.
The stereoscope was invented by Charles Wheatstone 91802-1875) in 1832, before photgraphy was announced to the world. It was an awkward viewing apparatus that used mirrors to simulate what the right eye and the left eye see separately. In 1849, Sir David brewster (1781-1868) perfected a smaller stereoscope, better adapted to viewing stereoscopic photograhs in both the daguerreotype and calotype formats. The earliest sterescopic daguerreotypes, such as Claudet's the Geography Lesson (ig. 2.56), were taken with two cameras, each adjusted to mimic human sight. Twin-lens stereoscopic cameras were introduced in the mid 1850s. |
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| An in expensive photographic process that rendered images on thin sheets of iron, not tin. The tintype was lightweight, making it easy to send through the postal system. |
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| A method of printing photographs for book illustrations. Woodburytype images could not be printed with text. Instead, they were tipped in-- That is, pasted on separate sheets of paper in a book. Invented in 1866 by Walter Bentley Woodbury, the woodburytype used a gelatin film sensitized with potassium bichromate, which was exposed to a negative of the photograph to be copied. The resultant exposed film was then dipped in warm or hot water in a process that yield a relief image, similar to low relief scuplture, but much thinner. The various thicknesses of the gelatine corresponded to the different tones of the photograph. The negative was placed in a special press that transferred lead into the relief spaces. The lead mold was removed and used as the basis for printing a copy of the photograph. |
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