- Lower Paleolithic: started approx. 2 million years ago and lasted until approx 300,000 years ago and corresponded with the development of Achuelean industries.

- Middle Paleolithic: approx 300,000 to 35,000 years ago, during which the Neanderthals made the Mousterian industries

- Upper Paleolithic: 35,000 to 10,000 years ago, during which modern humans discovered art and made great use of blade production and bone working.  The Magdalenian culture emerged in areas of northern Spain and southern France, from where it adopts its name - we see the first artistic manifestations: cave paintings.

Apart from the "Damas" what other sculptures did the Iberians produce?  And the Celti-Iberians?

Iberians: Known for other sculptures (animal figures, humans fighting animals), pottery, and iron weapons

Celti-Iberians: silver jewelry, verracos

Gadir - Cadiz, earliest city in Western Europe (Phoenician city)

Ebessus - The Carthaginians re-founded Ebessus (modern day Ibiza), a prior Phoenician city-factory.

-Roman art adopted Greek art: adapting the abstract and rationalist style employed by the Greeks to their needs. (ex. narration of mythology through sculpture also became a narration of their historical past)

-Etruscan cultures: tuscan column (smooth shaft with no decoration), temples (built on top of a podio), city urban plan (designed as an orthogonal, with two clearly marked streets crossing each other in the center of the city)

- even included elements of Egyptian art

*Techniques:

- Concrete - cheap to make, offered resistance, and was easily applicable.

- Mortar - a material composed of lime, sand, and water used to bind blocks of stone or bricks, as well as to fill in gaps

- Brick - A mixture of sand and water, which was later cooked in ovens to harden the material.  The same material was used in making roof tiles

- Masonry - A material made from cut stone

*Elements:

- Pillar - a supporting element with a square base

- Walls - were of thick and resistant mortar concrete, although they could also contain brick

- Column - supporting element that also had a decorative function.  Consisted of a base, column, and a capital.

- Lintel - horizontal covering elements; the triumphal arches are the most representative, and are also found over windows and doors

- Arches - semicircular arches which were used in doorways and windows

- Vaults - a covering system with a curved profile, as if many semicircular arches were placed in a continuous row.  A very common element found in thermas, or bath houses, temples, as well as some public buildings (amphitheater, etc).

- Domes - cupolas, semi-spherical vaults that covered circular spaces.  The Pantheon in Rome is the most representative of these

Temples: central place of worship.  Inherited the Etruscan design, which had a rectangular floor-plan built on top of a podio, or platform, that was only accessible through a series of steps.

- Curia: The senatorial building of Rome was the Curia Hostilia, located within the Roman Forum. The Curia was the administrative power of Rome, where the Senate met.  Now is it the admin power of the Holy See.

- Basilica: Rectangular, floor-shaped buildings with three aisles and a central nave with two smaller lateral aisles, divided by columns.  Essentially a courthouse during the Roman period.

- Circus: A large structure used for horse races and other events, the circus had a rectangular shape with semicircle ends.  The ground was divided into two lanes by a central wall decorated with statues.

Amphitheater: Probably the most famous construction (Roman).  Used for fighting events, such as those that involved gladiators, slaves, and animals, having included events which represented battles, even naval warfare.

Mosaics were a system used to decorate the floors of the houses owned by the upper classes as well as some important buildings.

- Made up of small stones of diverse colors that created compositions of all types: geometrical, mythological, nature, etc.

- not found anymore

Influences of Hispanic-Muslim art include the horseshoe arch (adopted from the Visigoths)

- Mediterranean ___

- Arabic p.

- Nature: people and animals were excluded, having led to the use of floral and vegetation depictions

- Material: diverse materials were used - rugs, stone, marble, wood, ceramic, plaster, etc.

- Themes: ornamental figure (based in nature was most common), geometrical, calligraphic, & polychromatic decoration

- Location: decorative elements found almost everywhere

- Function: hide/ camouflage poor construction materials

- Decorative values

What are the parts of a mosque?

- Sahn or open area - the retangular or square patio where the sabil or fountain, is found.  The square is encircled by porticos and arches.  Also found in this area is the minaret (alminar), the tower from which Muslims are called to prayer.

- Haran or covered area: where prayer tkes place.  This consists of a series of aisles with arches that are closed by columns.  The most important wall is the Qibla, which is oriented towards Mecca and has the mihrab, or niche, that points towards the Kabba in Mecca.

*711-756: province of the Caliphate of Damascus (caliphal art, pre-romanesque asturian)

*756-1031: independent Ummayad Emirate and Caliphate of Cordoba (end of pre-romanesque)

*1031-1091: independent Taifa Kingdoms (Romanesque)

*1091-1146: Almoravids (Gothic)

*1147-1238: Almohads (Gothic)

*1238-1492: Nasrid Granada (Gothic, only found in Granada)

* Pre-Ramirense:  During the reign of Alfonso II (792-842), Roman and Visigothic elements were reused.

* Ramirense: Unider Ramiro I (842-850), this was considered the pinnacle of Asturian art and was when most unique and original construction took place.

* Post-Ramirense:  With the reign of Alfonso III (866-910), a distinctive architectonic characteristic is found that could have marked the evolution of church construction in Spain.  The first persecution of the Mozarabs began during his reign.

Christians living under Muslim rule in Al-Andalus

* Clear Islamic influence although their art was an inheritor of both the Roman & Visigoths traditions

* Settled throughout peninsula (regional differences in style in regards to artistic groups)

*Caliphal horseshoe arch

*Portico

*Funqud (Alhondiga) - a warehouse, originally for storing grain products

* Palace (Alcazar) - a fortified palace within a city with several patios, gardens, and fountains

* Alacazaba - fortified castle, usually overlooking a city

* House - on the exterior, these were austere and uniform.  The entrance door was usually small, and led to a reception area known as zaguan.

* Mosque: a place for religious worship and the most important building in the Muslim world.  The most important type of mosque is the Friday mosque (Aljama)

* Diverse number of floor plans (Visigothic and Byzantine, above all)

* Small dimensions

*Usage of the caliphal horseshoe arch

*At times, the semicircular arch

*Preferred the barrel vault, although the groin and cross-barrel can also be found

*The use of thick exterior buttresses was also common

*The material used was ashlar masonry, stone, brick, and wood, the latter having been used for coverings

*622 - the prophet Mohammed left Mecca and settled in Medina.  This event, known as Hijra, marks the beginning of the Muslim dating system.

*711 - an army made of both Arab and native North African forces (such as Berbers), crossed the strait and began the conquest of the Iberian Peninsula.

Spain received two waves of influences during the Romanesque, from where and what architectonical elements did they bring?

*France (big apse)

*Italy (independent towers, blind arches, Lombard arches)

What event caused the arrival and rapid spread of the Romanesque style?

What was the main purpose of the Romanesque sculpture?  And paintings?

* Sculpture: served purposes of the church.

*served purposes of the Church and lack in depth, were bi-dimensional, and painted from a frontal perspective.  The technique was mainly fresco.

*TOLD A STORY

Explain the evolution of the basilica during the Romanesque period.

What are the main architectonical characteristics of the Gothic cathedral?

*Floor plan: The Latin cross, sometimes basilical (inherited from the Romanesque period)

*In the beginning, the transept was short and headed by an apse and small chapels

*Two heights: a higher central nave, with two, at times four, shorter aisles

*stained glass

*Facades: were framed by rectangular towers, at times just one.  The rose window is characteristic of this period.

What is the flamboyant style?  And Isabelino?

*Flamboyant style: Flemish Gothic style - overloading of decorative elements in arches and vaults, as well as combining different arches (above all, ogee arches) in order to give the impression of flames

*Isabelino style: mixture of Flamboyant style with the preexisting Gotico-Mudejar style. Characterized by monumental and heavily-decorated buildings which, in turn, led to the Spanish style known as Plateresque, a transitional style of the Spanish Renaissance in the 16th C.

Define Gótico-Mudejar.

A combination of Muslim and Christian art (Muderjares - muslims living under christian rule).

*usage of bricks and a separated square floor plan, bell towers (reminiscent of minarets).

*Arches were a mixture of the horseshoe, pointed, and polyobulated arches.

*Decorating - Islamic

Who is considered to be an early Spanish Renaissance painter?

Describe Flemish gothic style in painting, including examples.

*Evolved from International Gothic style

* One of the most important contributions was the perfection of the oil on canvas technique

* Prominent artists: Jan Van Eyck and El Bosco

*Lots and lots of small detail went into their paintings

*Technical innovations, wooden panels, minuteness & details, depictions of daily life, naturalism and realism

What was the relationship between DALMAU and VAN EYCK?  And DALMAU & HUGUET?

*Dalmau and Van Eyck - Dalmau studied under Van Eyck in Flanders, and then brings back the style into the crown of Aragon

*Dalmau & Huguet - Huguet was of Flemish style and was influenced by Dalmau