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| This branch of math began with correspondence between Pascal and Fermat. |
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| His tract entitled Natural and Political Observations Made upon the Bills of Mortality launched mathematical statistics. |
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| A gambler who sent some questions to Pascal which resulted in the beginning of probability theory. |
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| It is not a method of discovery, but a technique of proving rigorously what has already been discovered. |
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| This theorem states that p is the probability of an event, and if k is the actual times the event occurs in n trials approaches k/n as n grows without bound. |
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| This was estimated by Laplace using the formula P=(m/n)N, where m/n in the proportion of births in district and N is the annual number of births in France. |
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| Mersenne's Letter Writing |
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| This is seen as the forerunner of the modern scientific journal. |
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| If n>2, then the Diophantine equation x^n+y^n=z^n has no solution except for z=x or z=y. |
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| He fell into the habit of writing memoir after memoir, placing each journal at the top of a pile. When material was needed to fill the academy's journal, they would help themselves to a few papers. |
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| The topic of Gauss doctoral dissertation. |
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| Gauss said: Mathematics is the ______ of sciences and arithmetic is the ______ of mathematics. |
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| At the age of 15 he told a friend that he could work out a logically consistent geometry that was non-Euclidean. |
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| On the surface of a sphere these are considered as lines by Riemann. |
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| Klein's bold proposal to use the group concept to classify and unify the principal geometries then existing. |
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| After him, calculus was no longer a problem solving exercise, but a set of theorems based on rigorous definitions. |
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| Father of Modern Analysis |
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| Weierstrass was given this name because he was the world's greatest analyst during the last third of the 19th century. |
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| He succeeded in convincing mathematicians of the abstract and purely formal nature of geometry. |
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| He proved that a system being consistent is an undecidable proposition. |
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| His work, The Essay, is the earliest effort to list systematically the properties of the real number system. |
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| The creator of the algebra of matrices. |
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| The University of Berlin had this as its emphasis, not teaching and learning. |
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| People have come to look back on the last third of the 19th century in Germany as this. |
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| He rejected Cantor's bold advances into the realm of the infinite because it was based on nonconstructive reasoning |
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| He published the first successful axiomatic treatment of set theory. |
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| It asserted that from any given collection of disjoint nonempty sets, it would be possible to choose exactly one element and thereby form a new set. |
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| WWII was a particular tragedy for this country. Many of her mathematicians were murdered or died in concentration camps. |
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| As it spread, more and more German mathematicians fled to America. |
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| This occurred during the 1930's and 1940's and transformed the United States into the center of the world of mathematics. |
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| The first computer designed for commercial use. The Bureau of Census had the first one. |
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| Her pioneering work with compilers, and her ideas about programming language, led to her introduction of FLOW-MATIC. |
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