Used: discover, reconstruct

Function: verification, interpretation

by: professional historians

mainly to set history in context of contemporaneous setting, not from latter day POVs and interests

tendency of moral high-ground: scholarly findings trickle down to larger society, esp. in eastern Europe, historians have been influenced by state, thus blurring the line

Need: Remember, Forget

Function: orientation, stabilisation

used by: everybody

need to rememer or forget in order to uphold or intensify feeling of orientation during time of insecurity or change, creation of a memory, which fosters identity

often very private (family trees)

Need: Rediscover

Function: Reconciliation, Rahabilitation, Restoration

used by: intellectual, educated segments

based on scant attention given to troubling aspects of history and on the endeavour to restore or rehabilitate them.

Happens frequently when light is shed on a specific historical subject, which was largely excluded from debate eg. new historical findings after end of cold war in eastern Europe, reassesment of Sweden's role in WWII

Need: Invent, construct

Function: legitimation, rationalisation

used by: intellectual, political elites

often subsequent to moral use. Related to attempts arranging historical elements into a relevant context, mainly by intellectuals and politicians in control of publich representation.

> capacity to convince, influence, mobilise

> ofte used to back-up historical claims

Need: forget, eradicate

Function: legitimation, rationalisation

used by: intellectuals, political elites

Generally onely succesful if state is not based on historical or cultural heritage. Aspect of history traditionally presented as important or even fundamental is passed over.

Need: illustrate, make public, debate

Function: politisation, instrumentalisation

used by: intellectuals, political elites, educators

delibaretely comparative approach which establishes simple then-and-now relation. Scholarly view that history is anchored in the contemporary background is toned down considerably

Historians need to maintain function that history must judged within the context of its past

Professional historians yet have responsibility to engage in wider debate, because this is essentially the use of history