Term
| Peace conference held in Vienna, Austria that brought together all the great powers in Europe to try and remake Europe after the Fall of Napoleon. |
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Definition
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Term
| The main goal of the Congress of Vienna is the_________ that preserved peace and the idea that no great power was stronger than the other. |
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Definition
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Term
| a treaty or alliance signed by Prussia, Austria, and Russia to instill Christian ideals and the return of conservative politics in Europe. |
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Definition
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Term
| Principal architect of the Congress of Vienna and wanted to establish peace. He is the president and represented Austria. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______was not supposed to be in the Congress of Vienna but was invited in for two reasons: (1) monarch was returned and (2) they had _____________ representing them in the conference. |
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Definition
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Term
| Represents France in the Congress of Vienna whos main job was to keep as much of France's land as possible and minimize the growth of the Prussians (France's oldest enemy). |
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Definition
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Term
| Great Britain is represented by _____________ in the Congress of Vienna. |
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Definition
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Term
| One issue was the idea of __________ in the Congress of Vienna which meant that the monarchs from prior to the Revolution will be put back on the throne- Louis VXIII takes over for France. And also redrawing borders. |
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Definition
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Term
| Theory that the way to maintain peace was to have all the great powers of Europe be essentially equal in strength so peace would be preserved. The issue during the Congress of Vienna was restoring this. |
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Definition
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Term
| A loose agreement in which the great European powers will agree to act together on common interests among the powers. Mechanism to enforce decisions of the Congress of Vienna and preserve peace. |
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Definition
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Term
| The Holy Roman Empire is NOT put back together but instead the land is turned into the __________________ |
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Definition
| Confederation of the Rhine |
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Term
| confederation of client states of the First French Empire. 39 independent principalities. Austria is protector. |
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Definition
| Confederation of the Rhine |
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Term
| After the Congress of Vienna ends, a period of oppression occurs and Enlightenment ideas were smashed down by ______________. |
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Definition
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Term
| system where work was conducted by a central manufacturer and done in the home of that individual. A person would come at the end of the month and pay that manufacturer. Not the persons main job, simply meant to augment income. |
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Definition
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Term
| The industrial revolution will replace human labor with __________- Started in Great Britain. |
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Definition
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Term
| The industrial revolution was caused by 4 things: |
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Definition
| population explosion, changes in agriculture, commercial changes, and transportation changes. |
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Term
| Europe had a population explosion for 2 reasons: (1) the crops that were used to augment European diet came from the _________ (2) ____________ were leading to larger harvest thus supporting larger populations. |
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Definition
| new world; new farming techniques |
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Term
| land that was owned by the Lord of the manors that was set aside for those who could not afford to buy land but instead worked on the land in return for squatting. |
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Definition
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Term
| By expelling people off the common land, the industrial revolution creates a pool of workless people and ______ start to emerge. |
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Definition
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Term
| England had used wood for everything and gradually began to burn forests. What England didnt know is that it sat on a surplus of _____ that could be used for cooking and more importantly to melt iron and substitute wood for this. It could also be heated to a higher temperature |
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Definition
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Term
| First discovered by Thomas Newcomen, a blacksmith in England. This could be used to get coal out of deep mines bc the deeper the mine was, the more it filled up with water. |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ helped improve the steam engine by adding a wheel that helps transmit power to belts. He added a cooling chamber that allowed the belts to not get overheated. |
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Definition
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Term
| At the core of the textile industry was________ bc it was prevalent in England. ____________ invented the "spinning ginny" in which wool could be spun into yarn and thread. |
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Definition
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Term
| improved the spinning ginny and provided a way to produce clothing and other things with the thread by adding multiple wheels to spin the thread on. This was called the__________ |
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Definition
| Edmund Cartwright; power loom |
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Term
| social movement of British artisians who protested changes made by the industrial revolution- destroyed looms, broke machines. Did this bc they were loosing homes and income for their family. |
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Definition
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Term
| The number of protests were growing against England's "corn laws" - high cost of food and protests were becoming a commonplace so the British government responded to the protests by firing into the crowd to disperse them and killed 11 people and injuring 400. |
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Definition
| Peterloo Massacre of 1819 |
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Term
| a term given for a series of laws which placed artificial taxes on imported food- corn, wheat, other grains, gords, pumpkins-that were from the New world where soil was producing better yields and ship it to england and sell for a profit. |
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Definition
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Term
| If England was following the Enlightenment ideas, they would have abolished the corn laws bc it is gov't interference but instead they passed a series of laws called _________ |
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Definition
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Term
| limited size of public meetings without gov't sanction (must have gov't approval to protest- smashed the right to assembly), extended stamp tax to make it more expensive to publish an attack on the british gov't with political pamphlets, made it possible for gov't to seize firearms- so if the crowd has no weapons, they cannot revolt. |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 events that trigger the english age of reform |
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Definition
| 1. King george III goes insane and dies triggering elections for Parliament. 2. Prime Minister Robert Casselray became very paranoid and ended up committing suicide. |
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Term
| 4 areas to the english age of reform |
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Definition
| political, religious, legal, and economic reforms |
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Term
| Policital reforms were aimed at the mispresentation in parliament- primarily the existence of _________- there were areas in Britain that were heavily populated but had NO representation in Parliament. |
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Definition
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Term
| 142 seats in Parliament were redistributed and industrial towns had more representation in Parliament. Disenfranchised 52 rotten boroughs and also lowered the property requirement so more people could vote. |
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Definition
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Term
| Enlightenment ideas did not like religious denominations, but England had the ____________ which said that if you were a member of Parliament, in the military, a judge, etc that you had to take this oath to prove that you were a member of the Church of England. If you did not take it, you could not serve in the government. |
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Definition
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Term
| As for legal reforms, the number of crimes punishable by death were drastically cut and the idea was that the prison was a place of reform, and not for punishment. |
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Definition
| legal reforms-english age of reform |
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Term
| first police force created. purpose was to apprehend criminals bc they wanted to learn why the crimes happened and how to prevent them if they happened again, NOT to protect and serve like it is today. |
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Definition
| Metropolitan Police Force |
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Term
| two accomplishments of the english age of reform that were expressions of enlightenment principles in economic reform |
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Definition
1. slavery abolition act of 1833- england buys all the slaves from the slaveholders and free them.
2. repealed the Corn Laws and engaged in Free trade. |
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Term
| thought to be the end of the english age of reform |
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Definition
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Term
| The reforms made in England will foster an explosion of revolutions that will crisscross European continent all with similar demands. |
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Definition
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Term
| The first rev of 1848 broke out in the _________- demonstrations break out with those demanding that the king provide a written constitution granting free speech and free press. So the king did that and then the demonstrators wanted the king to be removed and a new form of gov't be put into place without a king (like US). |
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Definition
| Kingdom of Two Sicilys (Naples) |
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Term
| on february 24th, working class and students forced King Louis Philippe from the throne because of their demonstrations like breaking barricades, etc. Established a____________ to begin debating the fate of social programs and to establish a system of gov't similar to Americans with _____________. |
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Definition
| national assembly; universal suffrage |
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Term
| only great power to NOT experience a revolution in 1848 |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 groups of people who basically led the revolutions of 1848 |
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Definition
| 1. students who led uprisings against absolute monarchs. 2. workers who were upset with the emerging factories. |
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Term
| Demonstrations in Berlin lead to the _________ making promises to fulfill demands made by protestors. The same thing happened in the _________- wanted written constitutions, greater freedoms, etc. |
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Definition
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Term
| Government that is done without a king (monarch) and headed by Louis Blanc and Alphonse de Lamartine |
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Definition
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Term
| Blanc proposed a national ____________ that would all be funded by new taxes that would be levied on all members of French society |
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Definition
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Term
| De Lamartine established ________- individuals who overthrew Louis-Philippe could be used to defend the Republic. So they elect a __________- those who were demonstrating are supporters of this. Election results in Paris support Republicans but those from the countryside tend to support royal power. |
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Definition
| Mobile Guard; National Assembly |
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Term
| When the national assembly met, _____ and _____ were squashed bc of the ideas Blanc and de Lamartine proposed were opposed. The right to vote is gone for the poor and the French education system is placed under control of the catholic church |
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Definition
| free speech and free press |
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Term
| revolt of French workers in 1848 after the closure of many National Workshops; turmoil increased in the streats and barricades were overthrown |
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Definition
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Term
| Leader of the French troops during June Days. HE will assault many demonstrators from their positions behind the barricades and brutally put them down. |
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Definition
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Term
| revolt of French workers in 1848 after the closure of many National Workshops; turmoil increased in the streats and barricades were overthrown |
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Definition
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Term
| Leader of the French troops during June Days. HE will assault many demonstrators from their positions behind the barricades and brutally put them down. |
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Definition
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Term
| He was elected in December as President of the National Assembly after the June Days revolts had ended brutally. |
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Definition
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Term
| Louis Napoleon Bonaparte seized power from the National Assembly and declared himself emperor of France taking the name _____________ |
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Definition
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Term
| In Austria, students/workers formed a militia and passed the barricades and stormed the palace and forced emperor ___________ to abdicate. Although they pushed for independence, students/workers never gained control of the military- who were loyal to the emperor- therefore, the emperor regained control. |
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Definition
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Term
| Prussian Kiser _________, in response to the Berlin riots, mobilized the Prussian troops in response. however, he surprised everyone by taking a liberal stance and came out in support of the revolutionaries and established a ____________ (attempting to co-opt revolutionaries for his own benefit). |
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Definition
| Frederick IV; Prussian Assembly |
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Term
| first freely elected parliament in Germany. in berlin, they were drafting a written constitution with free speech, free press, and the desire for the unification of Germany. Had a flag that stood for liberty, personal freedom, and German freedom. |
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Definition
| Frankfurt Assembly (parliament) |
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Term
| The Frankfurt Assembly was to have a constitutional monarchy as hereditary emperor-Kaiser- but ___________ declined saying that he could not accept a "crown from the gutter" (limited his power) |
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Definition
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Term
| Frederick IV declined the crown for constitutional monarch because the written constitution retained the Kaiser, saying that Frankfurt and the Kaiser would share power. |
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Definition
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Term
| End result of the Revolutions of 1848? |
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Definition
| iron fisted rulers were back in power and it remained intact. |
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Term
| The Communist Manifesto was written by theorists ______ and _________ |
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Definition
| karl marx; fredrich engels |
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Term
| Not an economic argument but a historical argument. Stated that history was driven by conflict but a not a conflict btw nations, ethic groups, races, religion but rather it was a conflict btw the bourgeoisie/production and land owners against the workers or the proliterate. |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the Communist Manifesto predict will happen in the future? |
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Definition
| proliterate will overthrow bourgeoisie and landowners and production owners and take over production- will destroy ownership of private property. Production will be held in "common" |
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Term
| the biggest obstacle in the unification of italy was ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| land that belonged to the catholic church- church states. no one knew how the catholic church would respond to italian unification or how they would respond to italian states gaining control of rome. need these states to complete unification |
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Definition
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Term
| The king of Piedmont-Sardinia, Victor Emmanuel II and his chief architect, ___________, were concerned about ousting the Austrian borders from Northern Italy bc unification could not possibly occur without this. |
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Definition
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Term
| Italy turns to France, particularly to _________, for help and forms an alliance. (Cavour butters him up bc of his victories over the austrians before) |
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Definition
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Term
| The French defeat the Austrians in two quick battles- Piedmont-Sardinia want Northern Italy and French want land in return for help- so Italy gives _____ to France. |
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Definition
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Term
| italian solider and patriot who helped in the unification of italy by organizing an army of 1500 soldiers called the Red Shirts to invade Two Sicilys and march north. Thus liberating Sicily and Naples. |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the Catholic Church respond to the Garibaldi's invasion that caused the King of Sicily to stand on Rome? |
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Definition
| He will give a portion of the Papal States to Italy. |
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Term
| unification of germany orchestrated by _______ and _______ (Kaiser) |
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Definition
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Term
| Bismarck was deemed ______ by Wilhelm and is a strong component to German Unification; no friend of democracy tho |
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Definition
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Term
| Bismarck is dubbed __________ because he will achieve unification in three short wars. |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 wars that lead to german unification? |
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Definition
| 1. schelswig-holstein of northern germany 2. austro-prussian war 3. franco-prussian war |
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Term
| danish were looking to seize schelswig and the Austrians intervene bc they are obligated to keep prussians out- Bismarck sees this as an opp to antagonize the Austrians and sends prussian troops so he angers them into war. |
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Definition
| schelswig-holstein of northern germany |
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Term
| one sided victory for Prussia bc Bismarck modernized the Prussian army with new equipment. wanted land but really wanted authority over area of the rhine. |
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Definition
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Term
| to get area of the rhine- Bismarck will engage in same unification tactics as Italians did- he creates a ________ of the German states in northern italy and adds them together with Prussia. |
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Definition
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Term
| Bismarck does not create a trade union in southern italy because it borders _________ and if he were to merge them into Prussia into it they might resist. He is not ready for that challenge and maybe war with them. |
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Definition
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Term
| French monarch died without an heir so the French ruler at the time believed that it was France's responsiblity to forward another candidate. however- bismarck thought he had the right to give a candidate but France does not like the idea of a german ruler- kyser and bismarck met and kyser made a report and gave it to bismarck-who editted it and sent it to the newspapers and caused an uproar in Germany and also in France bc he made it look like the Kyser blew off France and secretly released the report in FRance- this was called________. Napoleon III took the bait and declared war with Prussians- this war ended in 7 weeks with Prussians triumphing over France and Nap III trying to escape. prussia invades france and will impose a trreaty on france at ________ and make the french sign and surrender there in the Hall of Mirrors |
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Definition
| franco-prussian war; emms dispatch; versailles |
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Term
| the treaty for the franco-prussian war made the germans able to take states, pay reperations to Germany and established a german empire with the _______ as head. What does this do for Metternich's system of maintaining peace? It shifts the ____________ |
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Definition
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Term
| when the kaiser and Bismarck met to discuss the situation of an heir to the French throne- a report was made by the Kaiser that Bismarck edited and released to the newspaper causing an uproar in Germany- also He made it seem like the Kaiser was blowing off France and released the report in France too. |
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Definition
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Term
| 1873; an alliance coordinated by German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck between the three most conservative powers in Europe--Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia. These are the countries with absolute monarchs. they will basically look after each other in areas of common interest and if any of htem go to war. Bismarcks first step in isolating france. |
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Definition
| The League of the Three Emperors |
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Term
| the league of the three emperors alliance will be tested in the ____________ btw the Russians and the Ottoman Empire (Turks). Russia and ally Serbia will aid Bosnia/Herzegovinia and Bulgaria in the battle against the turks- Russia wants more land by aquiring the areas that make up modern day Romania |
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Definition
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Term
| this treaty ended the russo-turkish war and called for the Balkans (Romania, Montenegro, and Serbia) to gain independence (free from Turkish rule). Russia also swaped some land from Ottoman Empire. Also created autonomous Bulgaria under Russian protection. |
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Definition
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Term
| Great Britain was not happy with the treaty of stefano because of all the gains Russia was getting out of the war so the great powers assembled in Berlin in what is known as the ___________ to resolve issues over the treaty. |
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Definition
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Term
| the outcome of the congress of berlin was that russia basically got severely restricted in their military and political gains- the_________ were given back in control of the ottoman empire. |
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Definition
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Term
| What led to the collapse of The League of Emperors? |
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Definition
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Term
| after the collapse of the league of emperors- bismarck acts quickly to keep france isolated so he signs a __________ with Germany and Austria. |
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Definition
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Term
| the dual alliance is much like the league of emperors just without Russia- however, germany is still concerned that France will attack them and Austria is concerned that russia will attack them- they both need an ally. This leads the dual alliance into becoming the _____________ with _________ joining in. |
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Definition
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Term
| bismarck also wants to build a friend ship with russia because he is worried about them creating an alliance with France. so the Germans and the Russians sign the ____________ - purpose is so help both of these nations with their fears. |
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Definition
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Term
| bismarck also wants to build a friend ship with russia because he is worried about them creating an alliance with France. so the Germans and the Russians sign the ____________ - purpose is so help both of these nations with their fears. |
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Definition
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Term
| the purpose of the ______________ btw germans and russians was to calm fears btw countries. Russia was fearful that germany would ally with austria and team up against russia. and the germans were fearful that the russians would team up withthe french. |
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Definition
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Term
| the reinsurance treaty's deal was that if austria attacks russia then germany will stay ___________. Also, if france attacks germany then russia will stay neutral. The treaty automatically renewed unless one country sent a warning a _________ in advance letting the other know about them pulling out of the treaty. |
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Definition
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Term
| belgium was incorporated into France but after Napoleon's defeat it was incorporated into ____________- which the belgians did not like and soon led them to revolt against the dutch pushing the dutch troops out of brussels and the dutch king never regained power. |
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Definition
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Term
| the great powers met in London- known as the _________- and made a permanently neutral Belgium, this meant that Belgium could no longer intervene in conflicts and armies could not move through. ___________ was made protector of Belgium's neutrality. |
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Definition
| Congress of London; Great Britain |
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Term
| The Congress of London stemmed from the fact that belgium had revolted against the __________ and this quickly spread fear that a much larger war would be triggered. |
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Definition
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Term
| the event that triggers the _________ was the desire by the russians to gain the responsibility to protect the Christians in the Ottoman empire. They want this responsiblity because it would give theem the reason to invade the_____________. |
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Definition
| Crimean War; Ottoman Empire |
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Term
| war fought btw Russia vs France/GB on the Crimean Peninsula- victory for the British and French. |
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Definition
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Term
| the first indication that russia is declining |
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Definition
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Term
1. Germany bullying people around
2. Russia's fall as a great power. |
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Definition
| 2 themes at the begininning of WWI |
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Term
| in 1888- the german Kaiser died and was replaced by his grandson_________- who was very young and grew up only knowing Germany as a great military nation. |
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Definition
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Term
| Wilhelm II began to resent the appointment of ____________ by his grandfather bc he was too cautious and wanted to avoid any conflict. Their personalities collide and Wilhelm II is upset because he doesnt want Germany to just stand by and remain cautious bc they are Europe's strongest army. ultimately- he fires Bismarck and sends a note to the russian Czar that they were pulling out of the_______________ (1 year notice). |
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Definition
| Bismarck;reinsurance treaty |
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Term
| upon getting the report, the russian czar suspected that Germany must be preparing war with Russia bc that would be the only reason to get out of the Reinsurance Treaty. Czar immediately contacted France's ambassador to form alliance bc both Nations fear German aggression. NAturally Wilhelm II didnt have plans to invade but didnt want to be bound by the treaty |
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Definition
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Term
| a neutral defense pact btw Russia and France that nations would come to their aid if they were attacked(concerned about Germany) |
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Definition
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Term
| sums up Great Britain's foreign policy for much of the 19th century because they have yet to pick a side in the alliances of Europe. |
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Definition
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Term
| What 2 things awaken the British from their peace? |
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Definition
| 1. German Naval Laws 2. Boer War |
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Term
| after the alliance btw russia and france- germany passed its first naval law committing germany to building 18 new ships- stemmed from a book by naval historian ___________ on The Influence of Seapower on History |
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Definition
| German Naval Laws; Alfred Mahan |
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Term
| With interpreting Mahan's book- to be a great nation, you had to have a great navy- Germany committed to building a modern navy- with building 18 more ships making them have a total of 36 ships- with the britsih having 40- this is the ___________ laws |
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Definition
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Term
| wrote The Influence of Seapower on History- concluded that the nations that had superior navies had been the nations which survived great conflicts and built industrialized nations. |
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Definition
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Term
| people of dutch descent who were pushed into British South Africa under British control. They organize a revolt against british called ___________ |
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Definition
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Term
| The boer war awakens the british because they expected everyone to side with them but they didnt- only one country supported british-_____________ bc they wanted to get out of a treaty that prevented them from building the ____________ |
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Definition
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Term
| all of the steps by Germany- german naval laws and supporting Boers during Boer war- will push GB into allying with the ___________ |
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Definition
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Term
| signed by Great Britain and France which in many ways secured their friendship-formal historic nemesis. |
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Definition
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Term
| 1. The french will give up any claims to Egypt. 2. British must support France's efforts to colonize Morocco. 3. Defensive pact |
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Definition
| 3 provisions of Entente Cordial |
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Term
| if war ever results and Germany ever attacks- British says they will send their armies and navies to France to deffend it- Gb navies will protect English Channel and north Sea |
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Definition
| defensive pact in entente cordial provisions |
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Term
| russia goes to war in the pacific - as russia had been expanding so had the Japanese- they both wanted areas in China. Japan is a small country that doesnt have alot of natural resources nec. for industrialization but the same is true for Russia- the two will come to blows |
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Definition
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Term
| the russo japanese war was a one sided victory for ___________- sank all but one russian ship. |
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Definition
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Term
| the russo japanese war was a one sided victory for ___________- sank all but one russian ship. |
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Definition
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Term
| only foreign treaty to be signed in the US Portsmith, NH - the US intervened bc they were fearful that Japan might overrun all of eastern Russia and if that occured they would become a major military threat in the pacific- ____________ intervened |
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Definition
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Term
| considering japans success in russo-japanese war- what they got out of the treaty was unfavorable-but in russia it was a humiliating defeat- so russians begin to protest and accuse their czar of failing them- so in 1905 to fend off the uprising Nicolas II promised _________- Parliament, no law making power but it gave the russian people the ability to vote democratically for representation. |
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Definition
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Term
| the _______ was important for entry of US into WWI. |
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Definition
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Term
| believing that Great Britain is in their back pocket and having on paper their agreement in the Entene Cordial- France takes the steps to establish mandate over morocco-However- the germans begin to saber rattle and issue a statement saying they will help morocco if they wish to fend off French efforts. War was eminent |
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Definition
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Term
| Why would Germany instigate a war with France and cause a two front war (they didnt want this earlier)? |
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Definition
| they see it as a perfect opportunity to stick it to France bc Russia cant defend them when they are off on the pacific coast putting up defense against Japan. Testing to see if GB friendship with them was firm |
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Term
| same concept as concert of europe but it had fallen out of existence. The idea was that when sparks were flickering that war may let out- the nations would get toegether and try to avoid it peacefully. Teddy Roosevelt mediates. Russians support France bc they are allied and Austria supports germany bc they are allied and GB fears Germany so they support France- Does Entente Cordial Hold? |
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Definition
| Algecircus Conference; yes |
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Term
| GB formally joins the entente powers. so now the dual entente is expanded with GB Russia and France- still a neutral defense pact and is tested quickly with Bosnia Crisis |
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Definition
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Term
| russia had an objective in the balkans to get control over the straights- they had finally secured a secret agreement with austria that they would put aside differences and they would also work with Bulgaria- russia would move to seize the straights at the same time austria would move to seize bosnia-herzegovinia from the turks. it would take a while for Russia to organize this but austrians were already on the border- the attacks were to happen simultaneously so turks couldnt respond to either threat, BUT austria jumped the gun and seized BH and told the world Russia's intentions to seize the straights. |
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Definition
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Term
| in the bosnia crisis- GB doesnt support ________ but France does and Germany supports Austria. Austrians get to keep Bosnia bctheydoesnt want to go to war Austria to make them give it up- triple alliance has achieved their objective but triple entente has not |
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Definition
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Term
| france is taking the next steps to colonize morocco and once again the germans will saber rattle by sending one medium size ship- The Panther- to the coast of morocco to claim that they will support morocco if they wanted to resist french efforts. they also made it clear that they would have a change of heart if the french would five up part of the french congo to Germany. France doesnt know what to do bc fearful that GB wont back them up even tho prime minister has publically sided with france. |
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Definition
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Term
| ultimately France will give part of the french congo to __________ to secure morocco- makes them look wimpy |
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| the big fight that erupts in the balkan wars is with _________ the one country that borders everything-end result is that serbia gets ganged up on by grecians and albanians and austrians help and borders are adjusted to benefit greece and albania- serbia is unhappy austria. |
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| what 3 countries had achieved their objectives after italy invades tripoli? |
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| austria, germany, and italy |
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| after the black hand incident, there is obviously great resentment towards serbia by austria- if they go to war with serbia they go to war with russia bc russia supports serbia, and they have the largest army. also some people wanted the archduke dead bc he was ultimately leading to austrian empire being eroded. if you are going to war with russia they needed to make sure germany will back them up but Germany is scared they will have to fight a two-front war- so austria sends diplomats to berlin to discuss this and germany responds with the ________________ |
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| german notification to austrians that states basically they will do whatever they ask them to. you write in the dollar amount and we will deliver it. |
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| austrians make 12 commands on serbia the 12th command would allow austria to take over serbia's _______ so serbia mobilizes its army even tho they said they would meet 11 of the 12. Austria demanded they step down and when serbia refused austria declared war on July 28th- thus marking the begininning of ____________ |
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